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The gold standard to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection consider testing methods based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Still, the time necessary to confirm patient infection can be lengthy, and the process is expensive. On the other hand, X-Ray and CT scans play a vital role in the auxiliary diagnosis process. Hence, a trusted automated technique for identifying and quantifying the infected lung regions would be advantageous. Chest X-rays are two-dimensional images of the patient’s chest and provide lung morphological information and other characteristics, like ground-glass opacities (GGO), horizontal linear opacities, or consolidations, which are characteristics of pneumonia caused by COVID-19. But before the computerized diagnostic support system can classify a medical image, a segmentation task should usually be performed to identify relevant areas to be analyzed and reduce the risk of noise and misinterpretation caused by other structures eventually present in the images. This chapter presents an AI-based system for lung segmentation in X-ray images using a U-net CNN model. The system’s performance was evaluated using metrics such as cross-entropy, dice coefficient, and Mean IoU on unseen data. Our study divided the data into training and evaluation sets using an 80/20 train-test split method. The training set was used to train the model, and the evaluation test set was used to evaluate the performance of the trained model. The results of the evaluation showed that the model achieved a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 95%, Cross entropy of 97%, and Mean IoU of 86%.
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When Columbus arrived in 1492, the first free black person--a sailor--set foot in the Americas. Over the next 400 years, as slavery spread and became entrenched in the Western Hemisphere, free blacks built communities throughout North and South America, playing a critical role in every region, colony, and country. From Canada to the Caribbean to Chile, they established vital economic and social institutions, championed the cause of abolition, and formed a bridge between the worlds of free whites and enslaved blacks. They worked as artisans, farmers, ministers, merchants, shipbuilders, and reporters. Many free blacks served in the military and fought in every major war, including the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American wars for independence. Others served in government, and some--like presidents Bernardino Rivadavia of Argentina and Vicente Guerrero of Mexico--became national leaders.Free people of color in the United States and the Americas hold a unique status in global history. Never before and never since has such a group existed in large numbers anywhere in the world. Long shrouded in obscurity and overshadowed by scholarship on slavery and race, the free black community has become a growing and vibrant field of study as historians uncover vast material on this group, revealing how they lived, how they shaped society, and how they transformed the history of every nation in the hemisphere.Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and People of Color in the Americas is the first reference book to cover this crucial subject. Arranged alphabetically, this new, two-volume encyclopedia includes articles on all major events, issues, and concepts relevant to the free black community in the United States from the colonial period to the Civil War and in the rest of the Western Hemisphere from the late 1400s to the late 1800s, when emancipation became universal. Nearly 400 articles cover every country, colony, state, city, and region in the Americas with a significant presence of free blacks, and biographies, thematic articles, and entries on related subjects shed light on this fascinating topic. Featuring primary sources, illustrations, maps, tables, charts, a chronology, cross-references, suggestions for further reading, and a bibliography, this unique, original, and groundbreaking encyclopedia provides a wealth of information not available anywhere else.Entries include:-Abolitionist movement in Brazil -Zabeau Bellanton -Captain Cudjoe -Coffee cultivation -Education and literacy -Forten family -Free black artisans -French Caribbean -Gender attitudes -Guerrero (slave ship) -Haitian Revolution -La Escalera Plot -Laws of free birth -Legal discrimination on the basis of race -Living "as free" -Toussaint Louverture -Maroons -Marriage between free and slave -Midwives and traditional healers -Negro Convention Movement -Rebecca Protten -Somerset v. Stewart.
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Digital Factory (DF) planning is the key of intelligent factory construction, where intelligent production technologies of big data analysis, cloud computing, blockchain, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, 5G, Time Sensitive Network (TSN), Digital Twin (DT), additive manufacturing are included. By applying the modern techniques, DF performs great advantages on the aspects of product lifecycle management, enterprise resource planning, operation management, supply chain management, real-time database construction, advanced process control, as well as the new technologies of distributed control system and fieldbus control system. This article delivers a review of key issues of DF top-level design and planning from the aspects of networking, precision, automation and digitalization. Solutions are explored based on 5G, TSN and DT advanced technologies, literately and practically. Additionally, the article describes the method and application of efficient big data comprehensive solution. Therefore, this study contributes valuable decision-making support for DF applications.
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Intra-Asian higher education mobility is a relatively new phenomenon in Asia and one triggered by the dynamic economic changes occurring in East Asia,
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This chapter presents a systematic review of research on human resources management (HRM) and employee relations (ER) in Angola to identify the main challenges and opportunities presented. To achieve that goal, this chapter characterises research conducted in the country, investigates its main findings, and proposes some directions for the future. Based on a bibliographic search in the EBSCO Discovery database of empirical articles about HRM and ER in Angola, we collected a sample of 28 studies published between 2009 and 2022. Most studies have focused on the development and retention of human resources. Other topics included diversity management, workplace attitudes and behaviours, scale validations, leadership and decision-making, performance appraisal, quality assessment, corporate social responsibility, and expatriates. We identified three main challenges and opportunities in HRM and ER in Angola. First, the policies and the planning, implementing, and evaluating processes of human resources development and retention strategies should be improved. Second, effective leadership and participation should be promoted while navigating the tensions between autocratic and participative leadership styles. Finally, positive ER and employee well-being should be promoted. Understanding these challenges and opportunities may contribute to the development of human capital in Angola and, ultimately, the country’s socioeconomic development.
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This chapter describes how intellectual capital comprising human capital, structural capital, and relational capital are being created for school development and quality assurance in Macau. Macau has aimed to catch up with the global education reform by subsidising majorities of the non-tertiary sectors and promulgating Decree Laws regarding education policies and development. Despite the significance of the intangible assets of the intellectual capital, the chapter also attempts to analyse the issues and challenges towards the management of intellectual capital emerging simultaneously in the transition process in the educational context of Macau. It suggests capitalising on the accumulated school knowledge for school effectiveness. This chapter depicts the chronological development of Macau's education reform by analysing how Macau has attempted to emancipate its education institutions from the period of quasi-closed system to that of the open system by creating different types of intellectual capital in school. It discusses the emerging issues and challenges simultaneously in the transition process of educational development in Macau, namely before and after returning its sovereignty to the Chinese government.