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Over the past few years, the gaming industry has changed the face of Macao and the lives of its citizens. The liberalisation of casino licensing in 2002 and the implementation of the Chinese government's new visa regulations in 2003, which permitted many mainland Chinese to travel to Hong Kong and Macao on an individual basis, triggered an economic boom. Foreign investment increased dramatically as international companies began to build casinos and hotels. By 2006, gaming revenues had reached a record annual high of US$10.33 billion, far exceeding the US$6.6 billion made on the Las Vegas strip (Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau, 2008). Tourist numbers more than doubled from 11 million in 2002 to 21.7 million in 2009 (Statistics and Census Service, 2009a). Rapid economic growth has come at a price, however. There have been many social dislocations and challenges for public policy that can be attributed to the expansion of the gaming industry. A particular issue is land, a fundamental factor of production and an essential component of the gaming industry's success but in short supply in Macao. The tension between casino requirements for land and public needs spills over into debates on matters as diverse as building height restrictions, heritage protection, green space, the opaqueness of government decisions and its lack of consultative mechanisms. © 2011 by The Hong Kong University Press, HKU. All rights reserved.
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This article presents an insight into one of the regions with the fastest-growing economy, heavily based on an entertainment, gaming and tourism industry, and that is urgently looking for a sustainable model that articulates with complementary sectors within the cultural and creative industries – Macao. Macao is facing a major economic and social challenge; it has grown as a vulnerable economy relying almost exclusively on gaming revenues. Alternative activities to diversify the economy are urgently required to answer the competition risks haunting this industry. The cultural and creative industries could be a complementary activity – a vehicle for economic diversification. However, current public and private stakeholders for the cultural and creative sector might have been neglecting the unique cultural and heritage ecosystem of the territory, focusing on isolate opportunities and overlooking an inclusive and robust strategy. A sustainable model that attends to the local conditions and its people is required for alternative activities to become a meaningful sector for the social and economic development of Macao.
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In a context of a new transnational division of labour, temporary international labour mobility is on the rise in Europe. In particular, recent decades have seen considerably more women seeking work experience abroad. Observers have been concerned with how such mobility is related to individualization, and in particular how it may challenge collective institutions, communities and families. The aim of this study is to explore such issues among women and men with international work experience. Using data from European Social Survey, the paper investigates previously mobile workers in terms of their current working and living conditions. Across genders, we consider different forms of individualization that may be associated with transnational labour mobility. While both women and men with transnational work experience generally feature strong strategic individualization, this is most pronounced among men. Hence, men's mobility is among other things associated with increased autonomy in working life, while – in contrast to women – it does not seem to hamper their integration in the sphere of social reproduction.
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