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By using both the weak-value formulation as well as the standard probabilistic approach, we analyze Hardy’s experiment introducing a complex and dimensionless parameter (ϵ), which eliminates the assumption of complete annihilation when both the electron and the positron departing from a common origin cross the intersection point P. We then find that the paradox does not exist for all the possible values taken by the parameter. The apparent paradox only appears when ϵ=1, which is just a singular value. In this paper we demonstrate that this particular value is forbidden inside the scenario proposed by the experiment.

The aviation sector is transforming as electrification emerges as a promising technology. Adopting battery-electric aircraft (BEA) - aircraft that solely rely on rechargeable onboard batteries - is a sustainable alternative to conventional aviation that could change short-haul regional travel habits for business and leisure travellers. This study examines the factors influencing individuals’ public acceptance in China's Greater Bay Area (GBA) context. Given the limited research, a qualitative methodology grounded in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) examines the underlying factors influencing behavioural intentions (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and perceived risks). The findings indicate that participants recognise the technology's environmental benefits and potential to enhance regional connectivity; however, they still have concerns about safety, infrastructure, and operations. The respondents’ perceived ease of access, information available, and endorsements from reputable sources also have essential roles in influencing broader acceptance. Addressing these factors with appropriate communication efforts is vital for promoting trust and accelerating technology acceptance and use. Although exploratory, this study offers insights to develop strategies for infrastructure readiness, build public confidence, and endorse sustainable aviation. The research is conducted within the GBA context. Still, the findings also apply to regions with fragmented geographies or developing transportation networks, thus contributing to global environmental sustainability and advancing regional integration goals.

In this paper, we demonstrate that the effects of Dark-Matter, partially in the way proposed by the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), emerge naturally from the standard theory of General Relativity (without any modification) under a new proposed vacuum solution. There is a family of metric solutions able to reproduce the galaxy rotation curves and the relevant scales where the Dark-Matter effects are supposed to appear in a galaxy. This family of solutions deviate from the standard spherically symmetric solution. The proposed formulation, being relativistic by nature, opens the scenario where we can test the relativistic effects attributed to Dark-Matter and having relevance in cosmology. Among such effects, we have gravitational lensing, effects on the CMB scenario and effects on the formation of galaxies.

In the hype of multi-/inter-disciplinarity, is the voi-ce or voices of theistic religions and the attendant philosophical moral awareness (etymologically bet-ter rendered as conscientização in Portuguese) still meant to be heard? Can classical tales of saints and sinners remain part of the canon of public literacy? How existential is the threat of “organised religions” or otherwise established ecclesiastical structures posed to society when they are accused of attempting to fight proxy crusades against humanitarian enlightenment under the guise of religious literature? Are tenets pro-pounded by scholars like Gavin D’Costa in Theology and the Public Square (2005) to be politely bracketed when discussing perennial values? Values that respon-sible media strive to propagate, particularly the value of human dignity eulogised by the life exemplars of great figures in times of existential crises of whatever magnitude. With these questions in mind, this article will hearken back to the stories of two “grandees” in the Roman Catholic tradition who left their marks on the pages of the development of modern English and Chinese literacy. Newman’s Apologia pro vita sua(1865) is just but one of the tactical devises for his defense of creedal integrity, while Ma Xiangbo engaged in catholicising the Chinese national ethos through educational literacy for close to half a century. We shall phenomenologically draw inspirations from their parallel vision and experience on what lends power to the medium of words and deeds in shaping informed public conscience in regard to the core values of truth, good, and beauty.

Critical thinking disposition (CTD) is increasingly recognized as an important trait in education, reflecting the inclination and habits necessary for addressing complex challenges in today's world. This study assessed the CTD of students enrolled in a tourism and gaming management programme, focusing on two key dimensions: Analyticity and Open-Mindedness. This study was conducted at a university in Macao and involved 65 participants. The students were presented with an article relevant to their major, written in Traditional Chinese, and were asked to provide their opinions on each statement in the article. A rubric was designed to analyze their responses and assess their Analyticity and Open-Mindedness within the CTD framework. The results demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and revealed an association between Analyticity and Open-Mindedness. Using Python programming, the study analyzed the frequency of parts of speech (POS) in students' responses, introducing a novel approach for evaluating CTD in Traditional Chinese. Regression modeling showed that parallel and adversative conjunctions significantly predicted Analyticity, while the frequency of conjunction use varied across Open-Mindedness classifications. These findings highlighted an innovative and objective method for assessing CTD through text analysis, offering promising applications for educational research in Traditional Chinese-speaking contexts.

Critical thinking disposition (CTD) is increasingly recognized as an important trait in education, reflecting the inclination and habits necessary for addressing complex challenges in today's world. This study assessed the CTD of students enrolled in a tourism and gaming management programme, focusing on two key dimensions: Analyticity and Open-Mindedness. This study was conducted at a university in Macao and involved 65 participants. The students were presented with an article relevant to their major, written in Traditional Chinese, and were asked to provide their opinions on each statement in the article. A rubric was designed to analyze their responses and assess their Analyticity and Open-Mindedness within the CTD framework. The results demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and revealed an association between Analyticity and Open-Mindedness. Using Python programming, the study analyzed the frequency of parts of speech (POS) in students' responses, introducing a novel approach for evaluating CTD in Traditional Chinese. Regression modeling showed that parallel and adversative conjunctions significantly predicted Analyticity, while the frequency of conjunction use varied across Open-Mindedness classifications. These findings highlighted an innovative and objective method for assessing CTD through text analysis, offering promising applications for educational research in Traditional Chinese-speaking contexts.

In this paper, we investigate black hole evaporation from the path integral perspective. We demonstrate that besides the standard thermodynamic modes, there are non-thermodynamic modes of black hole evaporation which contain remnants. The pure thermodynamic process is recovered when the Gauss-Bonnet action is involved. This scenario opens a new window for analyzing the process of black-hole evaporation.

We derive the vacuum energy from the zero-point quantum fluctuations after imposing a natural constraint emerging from the rotational symmetry inside the de-Sitter metric. The constraint imposes a maximum azimuthal angle for each frequency mode emerging from the vacuum. In this way, the shorter the wavelength of the mode, the larger will be its suppression. The same result is derived subsequently by using the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric. We then make a physical interpretation of the physical effects from the perspective of pair creations over the vacuum, where the mentioned constraint emerges, limiting then the maximum angle which each pair generated from the vacuum can rotate with respect to each other during their short existence.

This study amid rising academic pressures and youth mental health concerns, this study investigates how extracurricular activities (PECA) shape academic and psychological outcomes in Macau—a high-stakes educational context. Focusing on 6–18-year-olds, it examines two dimensions: activity type (sports, academic, cultural and artistic) and number of activities, addressing gaps in age-specific and cross- informant analyses within East Asian settings. Using the Achenbach System (ASEBA) in Macau, data from parents and adolescents were analyzed via ANOVA and independent t-tests. ANOVA revealed optimal academic performance (F[3, 456] = 12.34, p < 0.001) and fewer behavioral issues in students with 3 PECA. T-tests showed sports reduced adolescent self- reported depression (t[210] = -3.21, p = 0.002), while academic activities boosted parent-reported grades (t[198] = 4.57, p < 0.001). Cultural activities had limited mental health impacts but enhanced language/math skills. This study underscores the importance of extracurricular activities (PECA) in Macau’s unique cultural and academic context, by validating the ""optimal balance"" hypothesis, it suggests that participating in three well-chosen activities—spanning sports, arts, and academics—yields the best outcomes. The findings emphasize the need for culturally sensitive and developmentally appropriate PECA programs tailored to Macau’s students. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing PECA types and quantities, fostering academic success, emotional resilience, and personal growth, while supporting the holistic development of well-rounded young citizens.

This study investigates and analyzes the behavioral intentions of consumers in Guangdong region towards All-Electric Aircraft (AEA) within the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and SmartPLS to analyze the collected data. According to the existing literature, TPB and SEM have not been used to evaluate the electric aviation market in Guangdong region. The purpose of this study is exploratory, adopting a quantitative research method. Structured questionnaires are distributed to approximately 100 consumers in Guangdong to explore their overall cognition of electric aircraft, the factors influencing such cognition, and their willingness to use electric aircraft. The study finds that consumers’ attitude, subjective norm, and environmental concern have a positive impact on their adoption of the new AEA technology, while perceived behavioral control and perceived risk are found to have no effect on consumers. The results of this study provide valuable insights for airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and policymakers. By understanding consumers’ concerns and preferences, airlines can formulate more effective marketing strategies to promote electric aircraft. Aircraft manufacturers can utilize these findings to improve the design and performance of electric aircraft and address consumers’ concerns. Policymakers can formulate relevant policies to support the development and adoption of electric aircraft and promote the sustainable development of the aviation industry.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the discrepancy between the current situation of primary school teachers' participation in ‘professional development activities’ and the professional development objectives in the law in the light of the implementation of the current Private Framework law and the operation of the Cultura n.º 88/2018, and to examine the effectiveness of the Cultura n.º 88/2018. In order to achieve this research objective, this study adopted qualitative interviews with two school managers, six primary school general teachers, and one legislator, and then summarised the findings using thematic analysis. It was found that the respondents generally believed that the number of professional training courses offered by DESJ had increased after the Secretary's Directive was issued, which was helpful to school-based training and to teachers in catching up with the number of hours of training, and that the practicality of the training courses had increased to a certain extent based on the different positions of the workplace. On the other hand, due to the different job positions, there were different views and opinions on the practicality and coverage of the training programmes. It was also found that the general concern of the respondents on ‘Quadro geral do pessoal docente das escolas particulares do ensino não superior’ and ‘Despacho do Secretário para os Assuntos Sociais e Cultura n.º 88/2018’ was more inclined to the situation of the hourly allowances and activity enrolment in the professional development provisions, and they were not concerned about the relevant laws and regulations that support the purpose of professional development. Meanwhile, the study found that the majority of primary school teachers are still at the stage of solving teaching challenges in their ‘professional development process’. The study found that the top-down management decision-making model is not only the key to hindering the ‘professional development process’, but also the cyclical factor that makes it difficult to improve the current situation and the difficulties of teachers in teaching, so this paper tries to summarise the findings and make suggestions on the way forward from different perspectives and ways. Therefore, this paper also tries to summarise and suggest a pathway from different perspectives and approaches. This paper consists of six chapters, which are divided into four parts, namely, Background, Literature, Interviews and Analysis, and Conclusion and Recommendations. It will be researched and investigated at both macro and micro levels, and finally, through the combination of macro and micro perspectives, it will be summarized to give feasible and operational recommendations. In the first part of the development of education in Macau from a more macroscopic viewpoint in the Introduction, Background of the Study, and the law of Macau education introduction. 1. Historical background (Brief historical background of the development of education in Macao)Political perspectives (comparison of the differences between the professions political environments) 2. Industry Views and Reactions (Newspaper) 3. Reality situation (‘Quadro geral do pessoal docente das escolas particulares do ensino não superior’ and ‘Despacho do Secretário para os Assuntos Sociais e Cultura n.º 88/2018’) 4. Legal perspectives (restrictions and impacts on education under the current legal system) The second part explores the definition of professional development in education with different literatures, including the comparison of the differences of the profession in different political environments, as well as the Macao situation in comparison with it, the definition and the development path. It analyses the legislative background of the ‘Quadro geral do pessoal docente das escolas particulares do ensino não superior’ and ‘Despacho do Secretário para os Assuntos Sociais e Cultura n.º 88/2018’, and the comparative analysis of the meaning of the ‘Order of the Secretary for Social Affairs and Culture No. 88/2018’. The third part of the interviews and analyses examines the current situation of the annual professional development training for primary school teachers in Macao after the implementation of ‘Quadro geral do pessoal docente das escolas particulares do ensino não superior’. ‘Despacho do Secretário para os Assuntos Sociais e Cultura n.º 88/2018’ after the introduction of the current situation and challenges to the professional development of frontline stakeholders, and even to the actual teaching or management operations. A qualitative research methodology was adopted and subdivided into three sections: 1. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of eight stakeholders at different levels, including six serving senior elementary school teachers and two school managers. Also a current member of the Legislative Assembly. 2. Collected and excerpted a total of nine elementary school teacher dissertation studies from St. John's University. 3. Summarize and analyze the interviews and excerpts, presenting in an objective and microcosmic manner and actual situations faced by teachers under the Macao's political system relevant laws and regulations, and to respond to and substantiate the points made in Part I of the literature review. The fourth part, Conclusions and Recommendations, finally combines the literature review, interviews and analysis, and integrates both macro and micro perspectives, as well as borrowing and citing existing legal and philosophical perspectives, to compile legal, feasible and practical suggestions on pathways that may be able to break through the challenges, improve the situation of teachers, and help to promote the professional development of teachers. "本研究旨在探究不同背景的小學教師囿於現行《私框》法律的實施，以及《88/2018司長批示》運作下參與「專業發展活動」的現況與法律中的專業發展目標之差異情形，以及檢視《88/2018司長批示》成效。為達此研究目的，本研究採用質性訪談2位學校管理層、6位小學普通教師、1位立法者，再以主題分析法歸納研究結果，發現受訪者中普遍認為司長批示出台之後，教青局的專業培訓課程數量有所增加，這對於校本培訓以及教師追趕培訓時數上有一定幫助，另一方面，基於工作崗位不同的關係，對培訓課程的實用性、涵蓋範圍等各有不同見解和意見，並發現受訪者中普遍對《私框》和批示的關注點，較為傾向於對專業發展條文中的時數津貼與活動報名的情況，且對於輔助專業發展目的的相關法律法規並不關心。同時透過研究發現，現時大部分小學普通教師在「專業發展進程」中仍停留在解決教學挑戰階段，研究發現由上而下的管理決定模式，既是當前教師認為妨礙「專業發展進程」的重要關鍵，也是難以改善現況，造成教師教學困難的循環因素，故本文亦嘗試以不同之角度和方式給予總結和路徑建議。 本文共六章，主要分為四個部分，分別為背景探討、文獻探討、訪談及分析以及總結和建議。並將會分別透過宏觀和微觀兩個層面去作研究和探討，並最終以宏觀與微觀兩個角度結合，透過總結歸納，給出可行和具操作性的路徑建議。 本文首先會採取以下四種角度，分別在緒論、研究背景、前題導讀中，以較為宏觀視角去剖析本澳教育發展的輪廓： 1. 大致歷史脈落（本澳教育發展歷史背景簡述） 2. 業界意見及反應（新聞報章） 3. 現實狀況 （《基力》、《課框》的影響） 4. 法律觀點（現行法律制度下對教育的限制和影響） 而第二部分則以不同文獻探討教育專業發展之定義，包括不同政治環境下專業的差異對比，以及與之對比澳門狀況，定義和發展路徑。分析《非高等教育私立學校教學人員制度框架》簡稱《私框》的立法背景、《第88/ 2018號社會文化司司長批示》簡稱《88/ 2018司長批示》的內涵對比分析。 第三部分訪談及分析，研究澳門小學教師年度專業發展培訓在《非高等教育私立學校教學人員制度框架》簡稱《私框》實施後的現況，《第88/ 2018號社會文化司司長批示》簡稱《88/ 2018司長批示》出台後對前線持份者的專業發展、乃至實際教學或管理操作的現況和挑戰。則採用質性研究法，並細分為三個環節： 1. 分別對六名現職資深小學教師、兩名學校管理層等共八名不同位階的持份者，以及現任立法會議員作深度訪談。 2. 收集及節錄共九份聖若大學小學教師論文研究。 3. 對訪談及節錄作總結和分析，以客觀和微觀方式呈現教師在澳門的政治體制和相關法律法規下所面臨的實際狀況，對應和證實第一部分文獻探討中所得出的觀點。 第四部分總結和建議，最終結合文獻探討、訪談及分析，結合宏觀與微觀兩個角度，並借用和引用現行法律、哲學等角度，整理出有可能可以突破挑戰、改善教師處境、有助推動教師專業發展的合法、可行和具操作性的路徑建議。"

Purpose – This work investigates how different strategies for providing cues about the non-human identity of a sales agent influence consumers’ perceptions and purchase-related outcomes, and how a social interaction style shapes these responses. Additionally, the authors explore the role of consumers’speciesism against non-human entities in eliciting unfavourable responses to the disclosure of the agent’s artificial nature. Design/methodology/approach – Three experimental studies were conducted using real chatbot interactions. Study 1 investigates how non-human identity cues impact consumer trust and, subsequently, attitude towards the firm and intention to purchase the product offered. Study 2 tests these effects across different levels of social presence. Study 3 examines consumer responses to different non-human identity disclosure strategies, considering speciesism’s moderating role. Findings – Study 1 proves that disclosing (vs not disclosing) the artificial nature of a sales agent leads to a decline in trust towards the firm, which in turn negatively influences both attitude towards the firm and purchase intention. This finding reveals discrimination against disclosed (vs non-disclosed) artificial sales agents despite identical, flawless performance. However, Study 2 proves that the negative effects vanish when perceived social presence is high. Study 3 underlines that high speciesism leads to a trust decline if non-human identity cues are presented during the interaction but not if presented earlier in the journey before the interaction. Research limitations/implications – The study highlights the negative effects of disclosure on important, firm-related outcomes. These insights advance current literature by showing that disclosing cues about the non-human nature of a sales agent can undermine psychological and behavioural responses–even when the disclosed agent performs just as effectively as its undisclosed counterpart. This result is noteworthy, as most prior research has linked aversive reactions to artificial agents with situations in which algorithms underperform, whereas this study examines agents that function flawlessly. Furthermore, the study reveals that these adverse effects are driven by speciesism–prejudices against non-human entities–offering a novel explanation for consumers’ negative responses. Practical implications – The findings stress that transparency about the artificial nature of sales agents is penalised by customers and comes at a high cost for business-relevant outcomes. However, by transforming an artificial agent into a social actor through subtle design modifications, firms can overcome the unfavourable prejudice against artificial agents. By creating a social appearance, firms can harness the potential of automated sales services–even when disclosure of the agent’s artificial identity is required. As firms may soon be obliged to disclose the artificial identity of their sales agents, the critical question shifts from whether to disclose to how to disclose in order to mitigate negative consequences. Finally, we offer guidance on targeting the right consumers with artificial agents–specifically, those with lower levels of speciesism-related prejudices. Originality/value – This work addresses pressing issues for managers concerned with the implementation of artificial sales agents. Results extend knowledge on speciesism towards digital agents, inform which consumers are particularly prone to respond negatively to such agents, and present levers for designing chat-based social interactions that prevent non-human-related prejudices that could undermine the effectiveness of conversational technologies.

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>As intensive aquaculture continues to develop, substantial investments have been made in equipment to sustain high‐density farming. However, this has resulted in elevated noise levels within these aquaculture environments, particularly below 2000 Hz, matching the hearing range of most cultured fish species. Fish under noise conditions may experience hearing loss and physiological stress, which can negatively affect their growth, foraging efficiency, reproductive success, and increase their susceptibility to diseases. These adverse effects compromise the welfare of cultured fish, potentially decreasing production quality and increasing mortality rates. Despite these notable effects, the understanding and management of noise conditions in aquaculture systems lag behind other environmental parameters in terms of recognition and control. In this review, we cover the fundamentals of fish auditory systems, the hearing range of key cultured fish species, and the most common noise sources and levels prevalent in current intensive aquaculture systems. Additionally, we examine recent discoveries on the effects of anthropogenic noise on fish hearing, physiological responses, and behavior. Finally, we provide strategies for noise monitoring and management in the aquaculture industry, while also highlighting open questions for future research. Our goal is to assist researchers and practitioners in comprehending underwater noise and its effects on cultured fish species, providing a valuable resource for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of intensive aquaculture.</jats:p>

This dissertation focuses on the novel Rouge by the Hong Kong-based writer Lilian Lee, which is a fantasy novel that proclaims feminism by deploying a love tragedy, describing the social context and atmosphere of Hong Kong in the 1930s and 1980s, and the living and afterlife experiences of the courtesan Fleur. Rouge was first published in 1984 and subsequently adapted into a film in 1988, which won several awards at film festivals. The novel Rouge can be regarded as Lilian Lee’s most representative work and a significant cultural symbol of Hong Kong in the 1990s. Love is a universal human experience that has a significant impact on our lives, relationships, and our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Consequently, philosophers have long sought to gain insight into its nature, origins and role in human existence, which makes the exploration of love a core focus of philosophical inquiry. This research will examine how the novel Rouge explores the interplay between authentic love and ego love, and will also investigate the causes that led to Fleur’s tragedy.

This qualitative study explores parental perspectives and decision-making processes regarding young children's engagement with electronic devices in Macao. Data was collected through semi- structured, in-depth interviews with 15 parents of young children. The researcher analysed the interview contents and synthesized the findings with relevant literature and theoretical support, resulting in the following key insights: 1. Parental attitudes towards children's use of electronic devices were found to be distinctly polarised. Parents with a more open attitude viewed electronic devices as an inevitable part of modern life, suggesting that excessive restrictions might hinder children's development. In contrast, parents with a more conservative perspective emphasised the developmental risks of early exposure. Three primary factors influenced parental attitudes; the parents’ level of professional knowledge in education, their own usage habits, and their sense of parental self-efficacy. Additionally, parental behaviours had a modelling effect on children's usage patterns, directly correlating with the stringency of their management strategies. 2. Regarding child development, parents generally recognised the educational value of electronic devices, particularly the ability of multimedia interactivity to enhance learning engagement and facilitate knowledge acquisition. However, they also expressed concerns about the potential risks in three developmental domains: physiological development (e.g., visual eye strain, sedentary behaviour), psychological development (e.g., addiction, reduced social interaction), and cognitive development (e.g., diminished attention span, fewer opportunities for practical learning). Parents with professional knowledge of child development tended to adopt more comprehensive assessment perspectives and balanced usage strategies. 3. The study identified three primary contexts in which parents provided electronic devices to their children: first, as a response to parenting stress, where parents used devices to gain brief respite or manage household tasks; second, as behavioural management tools, using devices for reward and punishment mechanisms, such as encouraging good behaviour, boosting learning motivation, or soothing children in specific situations (e.g., during illness or mealtime); and third, as influenced by external environmental factors, including caregiving differences (e.g., grandparents, domestic helpers), the technological emphasis in educational settings, and peer influence on children's social interactions. III 4. In terms of management strategies, parents predominantly employed three approaches: restrictive mediation, focusing on controlling screen time and filtering content; technical mediation, involving the use of device security settings and application restrictions; and alternative activity planning, such as encouraging children to engage in constructive play and artistic activities. However, the study revealed that parents less frequently utilised active educational mediation (e.g., discussing content, sharing experiences) and co-viewing strategies (e.g., joint parent-child usage, interactive learning). Based on these findings, the researcher provides recommendations for parents, schools, educators, and government agencies to establish a more comprehensive and supportive framework for young children's use of electronic devices and related services. 本研究採用質性研究方法，探討澳門家長對幼兒使用電子產品的觀點及決策因由，透過半 結構式深度訪談，收集 15 位育有幼兒之家長的經驗與看法。研究者根據訪談內容進行分析 討論，並輔以相關文獻和理論支持，歸納出以下研究結果: (一) 家長對幼兒使用電子產品的態度呈現明顯的兩極分化:持開放態度的家長視其為時代 趨勢，認為過度限制可能阻礙幼兒發展;持保守態度的家長則強調提早接觸電子產品可能帶 來發展風險。研究發現，家長的態度主要受三個因素影響:教育專業知識水平、個人使用習 慣，以及親職效能感。此外，家長的行為會通過示範效應影響幼兒的使用模式，並直接關係 到其管理策略的嚴格程度。 (二) 在幼兒發展方面，家長普遍認同電子產品的教育價值，尤其是其多媒體互動特性能提 升學習投入度及知識獲取。然而，家長同時關注其潛在風險，這些風險主要集中在三個層 面:生理發展(如視力損害、久坐問題)、心理發展(如沉迷、社交互動)、認知發展(如 專注力、實踐機會)。研究發現，具備幼兒發展專業知識的家長更傾向採取全面的評估視角 和均衡的使用策略。 (三) 家長提供電子產品予幼兒的三個主要情境包括:首先是因應育兒壓力，家長表示會透 過電子產品獲得短暫休息及處理家務的時間。其次是行為管理工具，家長運用電子產品進行 獎懲，包括鼓勵良好行為、提升學習動機，以及在特定情境下(如幼兒不適或進食)作為安 撫工具。第三是受外在環境因素的影響，主要來自三方面:替代照顧者(如祖父母、家傭) 的管教差異、教育環境的科技化趨勢，以及同儕使用經驗對幼兒社交需求的影響。 (四) 在管理策略方面，家長主要採取三種調解方式:限制性調解，著重於使用時間管控與 內容篩選;技術性調解，運用設備安全管理功能與應用程式限制;替代活動規劃，包括引導 幼兒參與建構性遊戲與藝術創作等。研究發現，家長較少採用具教育意義的指導性調解(如 內容討論、經驗分享)和社交共賞(如親子共同使用、互動學習)策略。 基於上述研究發現，研究者分別對家長，學校及教師、以及政府部門提出建議，期望建立 更適切且全面的幼兒電子產品使用框架及相關支援服務。

Amazon is a global leader in e-commerce and cloud computing that has continually proven that it can diversify its business model well beyond being just one of the world's largest online retailers. Study its financial results, strategic initiatives by SWOT Analysis, and access its market positioning in industry by using PESTEL Analysis and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. In order to ascertain the intrinsic value and assess the future prospects of Amazon, the study then utilizes several financial models, Enterprise Discounted Cash Flow (EDCF), Adjusted Present Value (APV) and Discounted Economic Profit (DEP). The study presents Amazon is potentially overvalued (December 31, 2024).

This study investigates the regulatory-operational dynamics of the premium market in Macau casinos using a constructivist grounded theory approach. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 participants from three stakeholder groups. The grounded theory analysis identifies seven core categories illustrating the impact of the new regulatory system on the premium direct and premium mass segments in casinos. These categories include regulatory changes and operational challenges, decline of gaming promoters, premiumization of the gaming market, new player retention strategies, cross-border player acquisition risks, presence of unauthorized agents in casinos, and non-gaming development amid international competition. These insights highlight four major regulatory impacts on the industry themes and operational trends, i.e., industry regularization, market premiumization, product diversification, and criminal fragmentation. This study also identifies specific regulatory mechanisms and operational management in premium gaming, such as premium player identification, enhanced operational procedures, multi-tiered market segmentation, and the provision of personalized services. Additionally, stakeholder perceptions of the new gaming regulatory system are explored, with casino and expert groups considering it necessary and junket participants finding it restrictive. From these findings, a conceptual model structured around regulatory functions, compliance, and improvement is developed to provide a theoretical regulatory framework that aligns with the characteristics of the gaming industry in Macau and possibly other gaming jurisdictions.

Today, gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls have become one of the sustainable development goals jointly regarded by the international community. As society's understanding of gender gradually becomes more diverse and open, more and more people are beginning to pay attention to men's needs. Although society generally recognizes gender equality and pays attention to the development of women, relatively little attention is paid to the development and needs of men. Men also have needs and expectations, and are influenced by society's traditional expectations in their willingness to participate in associations. This study outlines the phenomenon that men’s participation in community services is generally lower than that of women, and cites data from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau and other places to support this view. Although gender equality is a global concern, there are relatively few protection policies and services specifically for men in Macau and surrounding areas. In the context of pursuing gender equality, men's rights and needs should not be ignored. Therefore, this study aims to explore men's motivations for participating in women's group social services. It uses qualitative research and a phenomenological approach to 15 invited respondents. Interview samples were collected through in-depth interviews. Different findings were obtained from the research results through the use of description and inductive analysis through the life stories of the interviewees. The research concluded that service can not only meet their personal needs and experience the achievement of development tasks, but also found the key experience factors, that is, the four major motivations for men to participate in clubs, including personal service spirit, personal life needs, maintenance Social relationships and personal interests and preferences and six elements of continuous participation, including contrast in values, tangible experience, feeling changed, having challenges and growth, improving horizons and knowledge, and feeling a sense of belonging. The study also obtained four suggestions from the interviewees for social services and their expected experiences. This study also inspired social workers to formulate comprehensive and targeted men's policies, not only to respond to the diverse needs of the men's group, but also to It is the key to promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of society. 現今性別平等與增強婦女和女童的權能，已成為國際社會共同視為持續發展目標之一。隨著社會對兩性的認知逐漸變得多元及開放，越來越多人士開始關注男士的需要。儘管社會普遍認同性別平等並關注婦女發展情況，但對男士的發展和需求關注相對不足。男士同樣有需求和期望，並且受社會傳統的期望影響參與社團的意願。 本研究概述了社團服務中男性參與度普遍低於女性的現象，並引用了香港、臺灣及澳門等地的數據來支撐這一觀點。儘管性別平等是全球關注的議題，但在澳門及周邊地區，專門針對男性的保護政策和服務相對較少。在追求性別平等的背景下，男士的權益和需求不應被忽視，因此本研究旨在探討男士參與婦女團體社會服務的動機，採用質性研究，以現象學方式，向受邀的 15 位受訪樣本，透過深度訪談蒐集資料。藉著受訪者闡述生活故事，運用描述及歸納分析，從研究結果中得到不同的發現。研究結論得出，服務既滿足到他們的個人需要，以及體 驗到發展任務的達成，另外找到了關鍵體驗的因素，即男士參與社團的四個動機，包括個人服務精神、個人生活需要、維繫社會關係、個人興趣與喜好以及六個持續參與元素，包括 價值觀的反差、切實之體驗、感受到改變、.有挑戰和成長、提升視野知識以及感覺歸屬感。 研究也得到了受訪者對社會服務的四個建議，以及他們期望的體驗，這樣研究同時啟發了社會工作者如何制定全面且有針對性的男士政策，不僅是回應男士群體多元化需求，更是推動社會全面、協調、可持續發展的關鍵所在。

Macao is a small city, and most businesses operating in Macao are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With personal data protection gaining increasing global attention, what impact does personal data protection law have on the operations of SMEs in Macao? What is the perception of the impact of the Personal Data Protection Law on the operation of Macao's SMEs? This thesis aims to make a corresponding analysis. The article examines Macao's current business environment and enterprise models, integrates data collected from SME surveys, and considers Macao's economic development trajectory before and after its return to China. It analyzes Macao's connections with Portuguese-speaking countries, the European Union, and the cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, which the Chinese government is actively developing. By studying the characteristics of personal data protection legal systems in various countries and regions and their influence on Macao, the paper provides recommendations for enhancing SMEs' awareness of personal data protection and leveraging personal data protection laws to improve business operations in Macao. 澳門是一個細小的城市，在澳門做生意的企業大多是中小企業，個人資料保護在全球日益受到重視，究竟個人資料保護法對澳門中小企營運又帶來甚麼影響 ? 澳門中小企營運過程中，對個人資料保護法影響認知有多少? 本篇論文將會作出相應分析，文章透過分析澳門現時具體營商環境及企業模式，結合透過中小企問卷調查搜集獲得之資料，以及澳門在回歸後，前後經濟發展歷程中與葡語系國家、歐盟、以及與現時中國政府大力發展之大灣區城市之聯系，分析各國家及地區的個人資料保護法律制度之特色以及對澳門之影響，最後就澳門中小企未來就加強中小企個人資料保護意識以及善用個人資料保護法律營商作出建議。

Management of people” and “enhancement of the system” are the focused aspects for improvement of the business operations in this thesis. A case study was carried out in the Facility Management department of a five-star hotel. A list of questionnaire was delivered to about 50% employees of the FM department for the purpose of identifying the awareness of the Organizational Culture. The result indicate that the “Work Process” and “Organization Climate” are the higher score elements than the “Leadership Style” and “Organization Value”. The results tell the management that people are reluctant to change the present work process and the leadership is not effective in the organization. The above issues represent the employees’ behavior and attitude which can affect the employees’ performance as well as the company’s operational efficiency. Suitable management techniques are applied to analyze the employees’ needs and group the people into passive and active attitude, then the appropriate motivation schemes are proposed aiming to improve the overall performance of different groups of employees. The latest technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G mobile communications are proposed for enhancement of the current FM systems aiming for the improvement on fast response, operational cost saving , carbon neutralization and comfort to customers. The proposed system enhancement also considers the minimal investment, so the system enhancement is mainly executed by software upgrade on the core system and replacement of the Smart Sensing devices. The hardware of core equipment can be re-used. AI technology is the future trend of operational improvement, it will be considered as the next step when AI become mature and standardized.