TY - JOUR TI - Monitoring PM2.5 at a Large Shopping Mall: A Case Study in Macao AU - Lei, Thomas M. T. AU - Chan, Yan W. I. AU - Mohd Nadzir, Mohd Shahrul T2 - Processes AB - Employees work long hours in an environment where the ambient air quality is poor, directly affecting their work efficiency. The concentration of particulate matters (PM) produced by the interior renovation of shopping malls has not received particular attention in Macao. Therefore, this study will investigate the indoor air quality (IAQ), in particular of PM2.5, in large-scale shopping mall renovation projects. This study collected on-site PM data with low-cost portable monitoring equipment placed temporarily at specific locations to examine whether the current control measures are appropriate and propose some improvements. Prior to this study, there were no measures being implemented, and on-site monitoring to assess the levels of PM2.5 concentrations was non-existent. The results show the highest level of PM2.5 recorded in this study was 559.00 μg/m3. Moreover, this study may provide a reference for decision-makers, management, construction teams, design consultant teams, and renovation teams of large-scale projects. In addition, the monitoring of IAQ can ensure a comfortable environment for employees and customers. This study concluded that the levels of PM2.5 concentration have no correlation with the number of on-site workers, but rather were largely influenced by the processes being performed on-site. DA - 2023/03// PY - 2023 DO - 10.3390/pr11030914 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 914 LA - en SN - 2227-9717 ST - Monitoring PM2.5 at a Large Shopping Mall UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/3/914 Y2 - 2023/04/11/09:51:02 KW - air pollution KW - construction dust KW - health exposure KW - indoor air quality KW - particulate matter ER - TY - JOUR TI - Application of ANN, XGBoost, and Other ML Methods to Forecast Air Quality in Macau AU - Lei, Thomas M. T. AU - Ng, Stanley C. W. AU - Siu, Shirley W. I. T2 - Sustainability AB - Air pollution in Macau has become a serious problem following the Pearl River Delta’s (PRD) rapid industrialization that began in the 1990s. With this in mind, Macau needs an air quality forecast system that accurately predicts pollutant concentration during the occurrence of pollution episodes to warn the public ahead of time. Five different state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to create predictive models to forecast PM2.5, PM10, and CO concentrations for the next 24 and 48 h, which included artificial neural networks (ANN), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), and multiple linear regression (MLR), to determine the best ML algorithms for the respective pollutants and time scale. The diurnal measurements of air quality data in Macau from 2016 to 2021 were obtained for this work. The 2020 and 2021 datasets were used for model testing, while the four-year data before 2020 and 2021 were used to build and train the ML models. Results show that the ANN, RF, XGBoost, SVM, and MLR models were able to provide good performance in building up a 24-h forecast with a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and lower root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and biases (BIAS). Meanwhile, all the ML models in the 48-h forecasting performance were satisfactory enough to be accepted as a two-day continuous forecast even if the R2 value was lower than the 24-h forecast. The 48-h forecasting model could be further improved by proper feature selection based on the 24-h dataset, using the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) value test and the adjusted R2 value of the 48-h forecasting model. In conclusion, the above five ML algorithms were able to successfully forecast the 24 and 48 h of pollutant concentration in Macau, with the RF and SVM models performing the best in the prediction of PM2.5 and PM10, and CO in both 24 and 48-h forecasts. DA - 2023/01// PY - 2023 DO - 10.3390/su15065341 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 5341 LA - en SN - 2071-1050 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/6/5341 Y2 - 2023/04/11/09:51:09 KW - Macau KW - air pollution KW - air quality KW - air quality forecast KW - machine learning ER - TY - JOUR TI - Using Machine Learning Methods to Forecast Air Quality: A Case Study in Macao AU - Lei, Thomas M. T. AU - Siu, Shirley W. I. AU - Monjardino, Joana AU - Mendes, Luisa AU - Ferreira, Francisco T2 - Atmosphere AB - Despite the levels of air pollution in Macao continuing to improve over recent years, there are still days with high-pollution episodes that cause great health concerns to the local community. Therefore, it is very important to accurately forecast air quality in Macao. Machine learning methods such as random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), support vector regression (SVR), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were applied to predict the levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations in Macao. The forecast models were built and trained using the meteorological and air quality data from 2013 to 2018, and the air quality data from 2019 to 2021 were used for validation. Our results show that there is no significant difference between the performance of the four methods in predicting the air quality data for 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) and 2021 (the new normal period). However, RF performed significantly better than the other methods for 2020 (amid the pandemic) with a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and lower RMSE, MAE, and BIAS. The reduced performance of the statistical MLR and other ML models was presumably due to the unprecedented low levels of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 2020. Therefore, this study suggests that RF is the most reliable prediction method for pollutant concentrations, especially in the event of drastic air quality changes due to unexpected circumstances, such as a lockdown caused by a widespread infectious disease. DA - 2022/09// PY - 2022 DO - 10.3390/atmos13091412 DP - www.mdpi.com VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 1412 LA - en SN - 2073-4433 ST - Using Machine Learning Methods to Forecast Air Quality UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/9/1412 Y2 - 2022/09/21/05:32:43 KW - COVID-19 KW - air pollution KW - air quality KW - air quality forecast KW - gradient boosting KW - multiple linear regression KW - random forest KW - support vector regression ER -