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With the rapid development of mobile network, APP has become an important platform for children to acquire knowledge, entertainment and learning. Environmental education APPs have great potential to cultivate children's environmental awareness with the feature of “edutainment” and “fun”, as well as to stimulate their interest in learning and change their behavioral habits. Starting from children's UI and UX design, we use creative and child-friendly design to enhance the attractiveness of the product and the user's adhesion. Through quantitative research, we investigate the market and user needs, and analyze competitors. Through qualitative research, we analyze the content of the product using educational psychology as a starting point. The main motivation of this study is to enhance children's interest in environmental protection and their sense of social responsibility through game- based teaching, in view of the environmental problems in Macao and the world.

Ford Motor Company (Ford) is an American car manufacturer and one of the leading automobile manufacturers with over a century of history in the auto industry. The Company is headquartered in the United States, in Dearborn, Michigan. However, it has operations in over 125 countries around the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America, offering a wide range of vehicles under the Ford and Lincoln brands. The Company has demonstrated resilience and adaptability in response to shifts according to consumer preferences, technology advancements, and government regulations. The company has been investing constantly to restructure and position itself and remain competitive. Therefore, finding strategies to boost sales and get high returns from invested capital is a must for the company to keep its market share, even though this is still a challenge due to the nature of the automotive industry, which brings intense competition from both traditional and new entrants, particularly EV manufacturers. In this study the focus is not only to estimate the intrinsic value of Ford Motor Company as of 31, December 2023, but also to analyze essential aspects of the company including SWOT, PESTEL, and Porter’s five forces analysis to get a framework of internal and external environment of the company which enables us to identify strategic opportunities, competitive advantage, vulnerabilities, and threats of the Company. After understanding the dynamics of the company and the economic overview, which are crucial to predict the impact of key assumptions when evaluating the company’s intrinsic value. For the second part of our study, the attention goes to the financial analysis of both historical and forecasted financial statements that are extremely important to apply for the Discounted Cash Flow valuation methods and later to perform a sensitivity analysis to understand the Company’s financial performance. Therefore, Ford Motor Company’s intrinsic value from the three discounted cash flow models leads us to conclude that the Ford stock’s price is currently undervalued, and it is expected to grow in the future.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a critical public health concern given that individuals spend approximately 90% of their time in enclosed environments. Poor IAQ has been linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and cognitive impairment, while improvements in air quality have demonstrated measurable benefits, including enhanced workplace productivity (2 to 7 times greater efficiency) and reduced prevalence of asthma and allergies. This study investigates IAQ across diverse occupational settings in Macao, employing a combination of environmental sampling and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model to assess health risks associated with prolonged indoor exposure. Field sampling was conducted in five representative workplaces (restaurants, student dormitories, auto repair shops, offices, and parking security rooms), and particulate matter was collected from air conditioning filters to detect heavy metal content in the samples. Subsequently, we applied the PMF model to analyze the pollution sources and the US EPA exposure model to assess health risks and evaluate the carcinogenic risks in the five representative workplaces. The forward matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six major pollution sources: traffic emissions (23.8%, Zn/Sb), building materials (21.6%, Al/Ti), cooking activities (18.5%, Na/Ca), chemicals (15.2%, Ag/B), electronic devices (12.3%, Tl), and outdoor activities (8.6%, Co/Ni). The health risk assessment using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model showed that the overall non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 6.16×10^-6) and carcinogenic risk (6.57×10^-9) were below the safety threshold, indicating that its direct health hazard was minimal. However, nickel and chromium were identified as the main contributors to potential long-term risks.This study is currently only a preliminary exploratory study and provides a basis for subsequent research.These findings underscore the necessity for site-specific IAQ management strategies, such as enhanced mechanical ventilation, air filtration upgrades, and occupancy regulations. The study provides policymakers with evidence-based insights to mitigate health risks in high-exposure environments while establishing a framework for future IAQ monitoring in urban settings.

The pervasive presence of microplastics in the environment constitues a significant challenge for internationalntern conservation efforts. Since the increase in anthropogentic activities and inadequate plastic waste management over all years, Macao coastal ecosystems have been greatly impacted. Therefore, it is essential to assess the presence and characteristics of microplastics in both waters and sediments along the coastlines of Macao particularly focusing on mangrove and non-mangrove areas. This evaluation aims to gather data on the sources, transport mechanisms, and ecological impacts of microplastics in Macao's coastal waters. A recent local report has indicated that Macao's water sources are not completely free from contamination. This has become a significant concern, as coastal and wastewater sources are heavily polluted with microplastic particles. Macao has been referred to as one of the world's most pressing plastic ocean pollution areas, with one of the highest rates of such pollution globally. Microplastics, however, are not the only plastic pollutant found, as nanoplastics have been found in shore waters, harming ocean ecosystems and becoming incorporated into the food chain. This research was used to quantitatively estimate the density and occurrence of microplastics in Macao coastal ecosystems in mangrove and non-mangrove areas (Taipa Mangroves Wetland, Cotai Ecological Reserve, Coloane Village Wetland) and Hac Sa beach. The results show that the non-mangrove site has a density of microplastics at 267.98 pieces/kg, which has the lowest of all the sampling stations, and Taipa Mangroves Wetland, with the highest concentration of microplastics within the forest among the sampling stations in the mangrove zone of Macau. This research can also provide useful information for environmental conservation and management plans.

The Administrative Regulation No. 29/2020 on the Special Education System has been officially implemented since September 2021. The promulgation and enforcement of this important regulation mark that Macao's special education cause has entered a new era of development. In the overall system of special education, the teaching staff has always played a vital role. Their professional literacy, teaching status, and career feelings directly affect the quality and effectiveness of special education, and further concern the growth and future development of special students. This study focuses on the group of special education teachers in Macao, with the core goal of in-depth exploring various situations in their career. Specifically, it mainly revolves around teachers' current status, including their actual feelings in the teaching process, faced difficulties and challenges, as well as their demands and expectations for professional development. Meanwhile, it emphasizes the analysis of the current situation of teachers' professional achievement motivation, understanding the inner satisfaction and achievement gained in special education work, and further explores various factors affecting teachers' professional achievement motivation, such as the school management environment, parents' cooperation degree, society's cognition and support for special education, and teachers' own professional growth background. This study adopts qualitative research methods and semi-structured interviews, uses Grounded Theory three-level coding to carefully and deeply interpret teachers' statements, so as to extract core information and key themes. On this basis, it summarizes and draws research conclusions: Social perception shows obvious polarization in the public's cognition of special education teachers;School environment indicates that the working environment has an important impact on teachers' professional achievement motivation. The lack of effective communication and collaboration mechanisms among colleagues, and even interpersonal conflicts, lead to teachers' difficulty in obtaining good interpersonal support and cooperative atmosphere at work, reducing their work enthusiasm and achievement motivation; Personal development shows that teachers generally lack clear plans and specific schemes for career planning, thus hindering long-term career development. This study further proposes a series of practical countermeasures and suggestions, aiming to improve the professional achievement motivation of special education teachers in Macao from multiple aspects, including school management, educational policy formulation, social support system construction, and teachers' own professional development, so as to provide solid talent support and guarantee for the sustainable development of Macao's special education cause. It ensures that every special student can obtain sufficient growth and development opportunities in a high-quality educational environment, better integrate into society, and realize their own value and potential. 《特殊教育制度》第29/2020號行政法規自2021年9月起正式落地實施，這一重要法規的頒布與執行，標誌著澳門特殊教育事業踏入了一個全新的發展時期。在特殊教育的整體體系中，教師隊伍始終扮演著至關重要的角色，其專業素養、教學狀態以及職業感受等各個方面，均直接影響著特殊教育的質量與成效，進而關乎特殊學生的成長與未來發展。 本研究將目光聚焦於澳門特殊教育教師群體，以深入探究其在職業生涯中的多種情況為核心目標。具體而言，主要圍繞教師自身當下的狀態，包括其在教學過程中的實際感受、面臨的困難與挑戰，以及在專業發展方面的訴求與期望；同時著重對教師職業成就感的現狀進行剖析，了解在特殊教育工作過程中收穫的內心滿足感及成就感；並進一步挖掘影響教師職業成就感的各類因素，如學校管理環境、家長配合程度、社會對特殊教育的認知與支持力度，以及教師自身的專業成長背景等多個層面。本研究採用質性研究方法和半結構訪談法，運用紮根理論三級編碼對教師們的言辭進行細緻拆解與深入解讀，從而提取出核心資訊與關鍵主題，並在此基礎上進行歸納總結，最終得出的研究結論，社會評價：大眾對特殊教育教師的認知呈現出明顯的兩極分化。學校環境： 工作環境方面對教師職業成就感產生重要影響。同事之間缺乏有效的溝通協作機制，甚至存在人際衝突，導致教師在工作中難以獲得良好的人際支持與合作氛圍，降低其工作積極性與成就感。個人發展： 教師在職業生涯規劃方面普遍缺乏明確的打算與具體的計劃，從而對長期職業發展產生了一定的阻礙。 本研究進一步提出了一系列切實可行的對策與建議，旨在從學校管理、教育政策制定、社會支持體系建設以及教師自身專業發展等多個方面著手，提升澳門特殊教育教師的職業成就感，為澳門特殊教育事業的可持續發展提供堅實的人才支撐和保障。確保每位特殊學生都能在優質的教育環境中獲得充分成長與發展的機會，更好地融入社會，實現自身價值與潛能。

This study explored the influence of Macao caregivers' interaction with young children on language development, and analyzed the family language environment,sociolect-cultural influence and the current language development support system from the perspective of social work. A qualitative research method was used to analyze the interaction pattern and the progress of language development through in-depth interview and observation. The study found that the overuse of electronics, caregiver interaction and multilingual environment affected language development to different degrees, and made suggestions on how social workers should intervene and improve the support system for language development.

本研究旨在圖卡兌換溝通系統訓練對無口語能力的雷特氏症學生溝通行爲之學習成效，此研究會以單一個案研究的A-B設計進行，以一位高中的雷特氏症學生為研究對象，以圖卡兌換溝通系統（Picture Exchange Communication System，簡稱 PECS）的第一階段和第二階段作為研究目標。由研究者及助理員一同記錄個案在進行研究時的結果，經過研究結果顯示： 一.圖卡交換溝通系統（PECS）階段一對雷特氏症狀的學生具有學習之成效。 二.圖卡交換溝通系統（PECS）階段二對雷特氏症狀的學生具有學習之成效。 本研究綜合上述結果，提出對教導雷特氏症學生溝通行爲教學提供相關建議。 This study aims to investigate the learning outcomes of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training on the communication behaviors of non-verbal students with Rett Syndrome. The research will adopt a single-case A-B design, focusing on a high school student with Rett Syndrome. The first and second phases of PECS will be set as the research objectives. The researcher and assistant will jointly record the case's performance during the study. The results show that:. Results show: 1.PECS Stage 1 is effective for students with Rett syndrome. 2.PECS Stage 2 also shows effectiveness for these students. Based on these findings, the study offers relevant suggestions for teaching communication behaviors to students with Rett syndrome.

“Hygiene”, a “concept” discussed throughout this thesis, is now regarded as a necessary means to ""protect life"". It is generally believed that hygiene has a certain relationship to infectious diseases, and its definition is based on modern Western “hygiene” theory. In fact, the concept of “hygiene” also existed in ancient China, but the definition of “hygiene” differed from that in the West. In order to better distinguish between the two, the following thesis uses the word “wei sheng” for the traditional Chinese concept of “hygiene”. Its meaning refers to how people prevent diseases in their daily lives, including eating habits, daily life, and so forth, in order to achieve the related ideal of longevity, an interpretation that differs from the current definition of hygiene introduced from the West. This thesis will explain the difference between the two. In addition, this thesis uses Macau as a case study and example. As a place that was once colonized by Western countries, Macau has been particularly directly influenced by these modern ideas. Among them, the Western concept of “hygiene” was spread and implemented with the Portuguese management of Macau, especially in the construction of hospitals and measures taken in response to multiple plagues in the 19th century. How did the Chinese in Macau view these Western concepts? What changes did they prompt in Macau? This thesis will mainly discuss four questions. How did hygiene concepts change in China during the late Qing Dynasty? Taking Macau as an example, how did the Chinese view these changes? Did they prompt any conflicts between cultures? What was the relationship between changes in hygiene concepts and measures implemented to handle plagues and epidemics?

This dissertation investigates how to alleviate the shortage of green space in high-density urban areas. It explores a design approach that integrates green plants into high-rise mixed-use buildings, especially the green plants growing on vertical space and building facade of a high-rise building. To develop specific design principles and design methods, this study conducts a literature review and case studies in the following two ways. First, this study explores three key themes that are regarded as design concepts in my graduation project, namely vertical greenery, sky garden, and low-carbon design. Based on these themes, this study further explores the implied design principles, which include (1) balancing ecology and aesthetics, (2) ensuring spatial equity, and (3) sustainability. Secondly, super high-rise buildings, mixed-use buildings, and nature-integrated buildings are three typological cases that are analyzed in this study. Based on an analysis of these cases, this study develops the following design methods that apply to my graduation project: (1) double-skin facade system, (2) structural symbiosis, (3) hierarchical sky gardens, and (4) three-dimensional green network. To better understand how to increase green space in high-density urban areas, this study develops an architectural design scheme in Zone D of Macau’s new town. 本论文旨在研究如何缓解高密度城市区域的绿地短缺问题。它探索了一种将绿色植物融入高层综合用途建筑的设计方法，尤其关注在高层建筑的垂直空间和建筑外立面上生长的绿色植物。 为了形成具体的设计原则和设计方法，本研究通过以下两种方式开展了文献综述与案例研究。首先，本研究探讨了三个关键主题，这些主题被视为本人毕业设计中的设计理念，即垂直绿化、空中花园和低碳设计。基于这些主题，本研究进一步挖掘了其中隐含的设计原则，包括：（1）平衡生态与美学；（2）保障空间公平；（3）可持续性。其次，本研究对超高层建筑、综合用途建筑和自然融合型建筑这三类典型案例进行了分析。在案例分析的基础上，本研究总结出适用于本人毕业设计的以下设计方法：（1）双层表皮系统；（2）结构共生；（3）层级化空中花园；（4）三维绿色网络。为了更深入地理解如何在高密度城市区域增加绿地，本研究在澳门新城 D 区规划了一个建筑设计方案。

This study focuses on the field of inclusive education using qualitative methods, conducting semi-structured interviews with eight secondary school teachers in a school in Macau that is not participating in inclusive education programs. Employing ecological systems theory, it explores their understanding, perceptions, willingness toward inclusive education, the challenges they face, and their suggestions. The findings reveal that interactions among various systemic levels shape teachers' attitudes. At the macrosystem, limited societal understanding and prevalent public prejudices against students with special needs influence teachers' perceptions and acceptance. The exosystem highlights a lack of professional training and policy support, undermining teachers' capabilities and confidence. Communication barriers between teachers, parents, and colleagues within the mesosystem hinder the exchange of information about students with special needs. At the microsystem, teachers' personal perceptions and experiences mold their attitudes, where stereotypes and negative experiences impact their approach and, consequently, student learning. To address these challenges, teachers suggest that Macau should establish bachelor's degree programs, enhance teacher training, and increase societal advocacy. Additionally, schools should create teams focused on inclusive education and ensure the provision of necessary resources. Based on these insights, this study suggests that school should build inclusive education teams and provide school-based training programs, and the government should improve the practicality of teacher training and enhance public and parental understanding of inclusive education, to facilitate its effective implementation by teachers. 本研究聚焦於融合教育領域，採用質性研究方法，透過半結構式訪談收集 八位澳門非參與融合教育計劃學校中學教師的見解，並以生態系統理論為框 架，探討他們對融合教育的認知、看法、實施意願和挑戰，以及他們的建議。 研究發現，各系統間相互的影響形成了教師的態度。在宏觀系統上，社會 對融合教育的認識不足、大眾對融合生的偏見會影響教師對融合生的看法和接 納程度。在外部系統中，教師感受到專業培訓和政策支持的缺失，削弱了他們 實施融合教育的能力和信心。而在中間系統，教師與家長及同事的溝通上出現 障礙，使得教師在獲取融合生信息方面遭遇挑戰。微觀系統中，教師的認知和 經驗進一步塑造了他們的態度，他們雖認識到融合生有特殊需求，但對融合生 的刻板印象影響着學生的發展。此外，失敗的經驗、工作壓力也對他們的態度 造成負面影響，繼而影響到學生的學習。受訪教師提出，高等院校應設立學士 學位，政府應加開教師培訓，同時加強社會宣導，學校亦應建立融合教育小組 和提供適當的設備，以改善現存的問題。 基於上述發現，本研究建議學校成立融合教育小組和提供校本培訓，並呼 籲政府加強教師培訓的實用性、提高家長和公眾對融合教育的宣導，以協助教 師有效實施融合教育。

This study investigates the stress levels experienced by mainstream schoolteachers in Macao when working with students with special educational needs (SEN). Using a quantitative research approach, the study examines the current conditions faced by these educators. ""Mainstream schools"" in this context refer to private school not participating in the government’s inclusive education program. The research employed a questionnaire survey targeting kindergarten, primary, and secondary school teachers across Macao’s mainstream schools. Data were collected using a self-designed instrument, the Macao Mainstream Teachers’ Stress Questionnaire in Working with SEN Students, through via snowball sampling. A total of 92 valid responses were received. Statistical analyses—including one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM)— were conducted, obtaining the following results: 1. Macao mainstream schoolteachers reported moderate-to-high stress levels when working with SEN students, with the ""student behavioral issues"" representing the most significant stress domain. 2. No significant differences in overall stress or subscale scores were observed across teachers’ gender, teaching experience, educational qualifications, or teaching stages（kindergarten/primary/secondary 3. Teachers with different professional backgrounds exhibited significant differences in overall stress, student-related issues, curriculum and teaching , and professional competence, but not in support systems. 4. Significant differences in support systems were found among teachers holding different roles or teaching different student types, though no disparities emerged in other dimensions. 5. Student-related issues, professional competence, and support systems with a notable directional influence with curriculum and teaching. Also significant correlations were identified between Professional competence and support systems. Based on these findings, the study proposes actionable recommendations for educational authorities, school administrators, frontline teachers, and future researchers. 本研究主要探討澳門普通學校教師在面對有特殊教育需要學生時的壓力情 況，透過量性研究的方法，了解澳門普通學校教師的實際情況。普通學校是指沒 有參與政府融合教育計劃的私立學校。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以全澳普通學校的中、小、幼教師為研究對象，以 自編的「澳門普通教師在面對有特殊教育需要學生時的壓力調查問卷」為研究工 具蒐集數據。研究採用滾雪球方式填答，共收回有效問卷91 份。使用單一樣本 t 檢定、獨立樣本t 檢定、單因子等級變異數據分析、單因子變異數據分析、驗證性因子分析、構建結構方程模型統計方法，進行資料處理分析，獲得結果如下： 一、 澳門普通學校教師在面對有特殊教育需要學生時壓力現況呈「中等程度」， 其中「學生問題」層面的壓力相對最大。 二、 不同性別、服務年資、最高學歷、任教學段在整體教師壓力及各層面上沒有顯著差異。 三、 不同專業背景教師在「整體壓力」、「學生問題」、「課程教學」、「專業能力」上有顯著差異。而在「支持系統」上沒有顯著差異。 四、 擔任不冋職務及教授不同學生類型的教師在「支持系統」上有顯著差異。 而在其他層面上沒有顯著差異。 五、 「學生問題」、「專業能力」及「支持系統」與「課程教學」呈預測效應。 「專業能力」與「支持系統」呈顯著相關。 最後，本研究根據研究成果提出具體建議，供教育相關部門、學校行政、前線教師及未來研究者參考應用。

This study explores the influence of digital game-based learning on the English learning outcomes and learning motivation of first-grade primary school students in a private girls' school in Macau. The researcher used the Wordwall digital game platform as the medium and conducted teaching experiments using the quasi-experimental research method. Two classes were divided into the experimental group (n=24) and the control group (n=21) according to the convenient sampling method. The digital game-based learning method was integrated into the teaching materials and school-based self-compiled content. The experimental group implemented the digital game-based learning method for 8 weeks. Using the Wordwall game platform once a week, and 20 minutes each time, the control group maintained the traditional didactic teaching method. The research tools included a self-compiled learning effectiveness test and a learning motivation scale. The total score of the learning effectiveness test was 40 points, and the total score of the learning motivation scale was 120 points. Data analysis was conducted using paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests. The research results show that: (1) The score of the experimental group in the post-test of learning outcomes was slightly higher than the control group, indicating that the digital game-based learning method has a positive impact on students' learning outcomes. (2) In terms of learning motivation, the post-test score of the experimental group was slightly higher than the pre-test score, while the control group showed the opposite, indicating that the digital game-based learning method has a positive impact on students' learning motivation. According to the research results, it is suggested that the following can be revised in future studies including (1) expand the scope of research samples and objects, (2) extend the time of teaching experiments, (3) adopt diversified assessment tools, (4) consider teaching environment and teacher factors, (5) conduct learning analysis for individual differences, and (6) carry out cross-disciplinary integration and teaching mode innovation. Exploring the impact of digital game-based learning on students' learning outcomes and motivation from more diverse perspectives. 本研究旨在探討數位遊戲式學習對澳門某私立女校小學一年級學生的英語學習成效和學習動機之影響。研究者以Wordwall數位遊戲平台為媒介，並透過準實驗研究法來進行教學實驗，將兩個班級按方便取樣的方式分為實驗組（n=24）和控制組（n=21），把數位遊戲式學習法融入教材和校本自編內容當中，實驗組實施為期8週的數位遊戲式學習法，每週使用Wordwall遊戲平台1次，每次使用時間為20分鐘；控制組則維持傳統講述法教學，研究工具包含自編的學習成效測驗卷和學習動機量表，學習成效測驗卷的總分為40分，學習動機量表的總分為120分，並以配對樣本t檢定與獨立樣本t檢定進行數據分析。 研究結果顯示：（1）在學習成效方面，實驗組的後測得分稍微高於控制組，顯示數位遊戲式學習法對學生的學習成效具正面影響。（2）在學習動機方面，實驗組的後測分數稍微高於前測分數，控制組則相反，顯示數位遊戲式學習法對學生的學習動機具正面影響。 根據研究結果顯示，建議未來的研究可擴大研究樣本和對象範圍、延長教學實驗的時間、採用多元化的評量工具、考慮教學環境和教師因素、針對個別化差異進行學習分析、進行跨領域整合和教學模式創新，以更多元的角度探討數位遊戲式學習對學生學習成效和學習動機的影響。

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This study aims to explore the work stress and coping strategies of inclusive education resource teachers in Macau primary schools during long-term online courses. Based on the findings, the study seeks to understand the characteristics of work stress and coping mechanisms among primary school resource teachers, providing recommendations for future practices and references for relevant educational authorities. The research methodology involved interviewing seven primary school resource teachers, with interview data analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed six sources of work stress for resource teachers in long-term online courses: First, parental and Societal Expectation Stress: Pressure from parental supervision, passive cooperation, and challenges in teaching innovation exacerbate psychological burdens, impacting online teaching effectiveness and teacher-student interaction quality. Second, technological Adaptation and Resource Limitations: Teachers face technological challenges, financial burdens, and environmental disruptions, affecting online teaching quality and efficiency. Third, workload and Career Development Stress: Online teaching intensifies dual responsibilities, peer competition, and salary inequity, worsening occupational stress and job dissatisfaction. Fourth, student Learning Outcomes and Behavior: Students’ technological inadequacies, lack of focus, low cooperation, difficulty in receiving feedback, and emotional issues increase teaching burdens and hinder online interaction effectiveness. Fifth, personal Health and Work-Life Balance: Online teaching exacerbates physical and mental strain, including physical fatigue, role conflict, and pandemic-related anxiety, undermining teaching stability and occupational security. Sixth, policy and Institutional Constraints: Ambiguous policies and poor course arrangements during the pandemic heighten decision-making pressure and psychological strain, diminishing teaching efficacy. In response to these stressors, teachers adopted tailored coping strategies. Finally, based on the findings, this study proposes recommendations for educational authorities, schools, primary school resource teachers, personal well-being, and future research. 本研究旨在探討澳門小學長期線上教學融合教育資源教師的工作壓力和因應的方式，並根據研究結果，了解小學資源教師的工作壓力與因應特性，以作為未來實務之建議及相關教育單位參考。在研究方法上，共訪談七位小學資源教師，並透過主題分析法分析訪談資料。研究結果發現小學資源教師的長期線上教學工作壓力來源有六個：（1）家長與社會期望壓力：家長監督壓力、消極合作與教學創新挑戰加劇教師心理負擔，影響線上教學成效與師生互動品質；（2）技術適應與資源限制：教師面臨技術挑戰、經濟負擔與環境干擾，影響線上教學品質與效能；（3）工作負擔與職業發展壓力：線上教學加重教師雙重任務、同儕競爭與薪資失衡，加劇職業壓力與工作不滿；（4）學生學習效果與行為：學生技術與專注力不足、配合度低、回饋難掌握及情緒問題，加劇教師教學負擔，影響線上互動成效；（5）個人健康與生活平衡：線上教學致教師身心負荷加劇，其中包括生理疲勞、角色衝突與疫情焦慮，衝擊教學穩定性與職業安全感；（6）政策與制度限制：疫情間政策模糊與課程安排失當，加劇教師決策壓力與心理負荷，影響教學效能。而針對疫情期間不同的壓力源，教師採取相對應的壓力因應方式。最後，本研究根據研究結果對教育主管機關、學校單位、小學資源教師、生活方面及未來進行之研究，提出相關建議。

This study examined the microbial contamination characteristics of three different roof materials (green roof, metal roof, and concrete roof) during rainfall events. Through runoff samples collected from multiple rainfall events in the experimental rainwater collection system model, the pollution characteristics of total colony-forming units, Escherichia coli, and total coliforms were analyzed in combination with water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and electrical conductivity. The study using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and found that the microbial contamination load of initial rainwater was significantly higher than that of subsequent runoff. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in microbial contamination caused by different roof materials. The results show that the metal roof performed the best in terms of microbial control, while the green roof had the poorest microbial control efficiency. The Spearman correlation analysis revealed that turbidity and conductivity were significantly positively correlated with microbial contamination, confirming that pollutants and nutrient ions are core factors driving microbial proliferation. Moreover, the metal roof exhibited outstanding disinfection efficacy under direct sunlight (microbial survival rate 0.00003% - 0.0004%), its high reflectivity and thermal conductivity working in synergy with UV radiation to destroy microbial DNA, while under shaded conditions, the sterilization efficiency decreased by approximately 100 times. The study suggests that metal roofs should be prioritized for use in water quality-sensitive scenarios. Green roofs need to be equipped with initial rainwater retention and substrate antibacterial improvement, and concrete roofs can enhance their antibacterial ability through hydrophobic surface treatment. The study provides a scientific basis for improving the design of rainwater collection systems in Macau, enriching the research cases of roof runoff pollution in tropical coastal cities, and is of great significance for improving the urban rainwater management system and protecting water environmental quality. 本研究考察了三种不同屋顶材料（绿色屋顶、金属屋顶和混凝土屋顶）在降雨期间的微生物污染特征。通过在实验雨水收集系统模型中多次降雨事件所采集的径流样本，结合 pH 值、浊度、化学需氧量（COD）和电导率等水质参数，对总菌落形成单位、大肠杆菌和总大肠菌群的污染特征进行了分析。研究采用威尔科克森符号秩检验，发现初期雨水的微生物污染负荷显著高于后续径流。采用曼 - 惠特尼 U 检验比较了不同屋顶材料造成的微生物污染差异。结果表明，金属屋顶在微生物控制方面表现最佳，而绿色屋顶的微生物控制效率最差。斯皮尔曼相关性分析表明，浊度和电导率与微生物污染显著正相关，这证实了污染物和营养离子是驱动微生物增殖的核心因素。此外，金属屋顶在阳光直射下表现出卓越的消毒效果（微生物存活率 0.00003% - 0.0004%），其高反射率和热导率与紫外线辐射协同作用，破坏微生物 DNA，而在遮阴条件下，其杀菌效率降低约 100 倍。该研究建议，在水质敏感的场景中应优先使用金属屋顶。绿色屋顶需要配备初期雨水截留装置和基质抗菌改进措施，而混凝土屋顶可通过疏水表面处理来增强其抗菌能力。该研究为澳门雨水收集系统的设计改进提供了科学依据，丰富了热带沿海城市屋顶径流污染的研究案例，对于完善城市雨水管理系统和保护水环境质量具有重要意义。

This study explores how to effectively evaluate the efficiency of environmental education (EE) among college students in Guangdong Province by comparing two complementary methods: (1) traditional statistical analysis of structured questionnaires using chi-square tests, and (2) semantic network analysis (SNA) of open-ended responses. The structured questionnaire assessed students' environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and education needs using multiple-choice and Likert-scale items. An open-ended question was included to capture students’ understanding of ""environmental protection"" in their own words, which was then analyzed through semantic network modeling. The study collected 225 valid responses from students at Guangdong University of Science and Technology. Chi-square tests revealed significant differences between first-year students and those in later years in their knowledge of environmental issues (e.g., χ², p < 0.05 across 35 indicators), but no significant differences were observed based on gender or place of residence. Semantic network analysis, using centrality, density, and clustering coefficients, showed similar cognitive divergences between academic years but confirmed no meaningful structural differences in conceptual associations across gender or residence groups. For instance, the semantic network of first-year students had lower density (0.031) and fewer central nodes than that of senior students, indicating a simpler understanding of environmental concepts. The convergence of results from both methods validates the use of semantic network analysis as a complementary, quantitative tool for evaluating students’ cognitive structures and discourse in environmental education. This integrated approach offers a richer and more nuanced perspective than traditional surveys alone. The findings suggest that environmental education efforts should focus more on advancing conceptual depth as students progress through university. Curriculum designers can use semantic analysis as an innovative diagnostic tool to improve the cognitive and discourse-based effectiveness of environmental education programs.

With continuous advancements in technology leading to extended lifespans, a question arises: Are we adequately prepared to face and accept death when it eventually comes? What factors prompt us to proactively plan our end-of-life arrangements? These are important issues that merit understanding and attention. Therefore, this study aims to explore the current status and related factors between life autonomy and quality of life among the elderly in Macau. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, primarily utilizing convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Data were collected through both online and offline methods using questionnaires. The questionnaire consists of three main sections: 1) demographic background information of respondents, 2) the Good Death Inventory (GDI), and 3) the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Taiwan Version. A total of 512 questionnaires were collected, with 480 valid responses, accounting for approximately 94% of the total. Among the respondents, 61.1% were female, the majority had primary school education, 51.6% were married, but only 36.5% lived with their partners. Nearly 60% of participants rated their physical condition as average, 60% had chronic illnesses, though the prevalence of severe chronic diseases was low. Over 50% of participants had no religious beliefs and did not participate in any elderly services. The results show that 60% of participants exhibited moderate or above levels of attitudes toward a good death and quality of life. Analysis using one-way ANOVA and T-tests revealed significant differences in attitudes toward a good death across all demographic variables. Participants who were ""older,"" had ""lower education levels,"" were ""single"" or ""cohabiting,"" ""lived with friends,"" had ""no religious beliefs"" or were ""Catholic,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" ""did not receive elderly services,"" or participated in ""elderly daycare centers"" displayed poorer attitudes toward a good death. Additionally, participants considered ""anticipating future conditions,"" ""seeing desired people,"" ""natural death,"" ""living in a peaceful environment,"" and ""independent living"" as key aspects of a good death. Regarding quality of life, differences were observed across various demographic variables. In overall quality of life, participants who were ""older,"" ""never educated,"" ""single"" or ""cohabiting,"" ""lived with friends,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" or were ""using home support services"" reported poorer quality of life. In the physical health domain, those who were ""older,"" ""never educated,"" ""cohabiting,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" or were ""using home support services"" had lower quality of life. In the psychological health domain, those who were ""older,"" ""never educated,"" ""cohabiting,"" ""lived with friends,"" were ""Catholic,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" or were ""using home support services"" had poorer quality of life. In the social relationships domain, those who were ""older,"" ""single"" or ""cohabiting,"" ""lived with friends,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" or ""did not receive elderly services"" had poorer quality of life. In the environmental domain, those who were ""older,"" ""never educated,"" ""cohabiting,"" ""lived with friends,"" had ""poor physical condition,"" or were ""using home support services"" had poorer quality of life. Across the four domains (excluding overall quality of life), participants scored highest to lowest in the following order: physical health > social relationships > environment > psychological health, indicating that psychological health was the weakest domain. A positive correlation of varying degrees was found between attitudes toward a good death and different domains of quality of life, meaning that better quality of life was associated with better attitudes toward a good death. However, only the ""environmental"" and ""social relationships"" domains of quality of life showed a linear relationship with the Good Death Inventory, indicating that these domains are predictive of attitudes toward a good death, though their explanatory power is limited.

This dissertation explores how smart city strategies are being used in Macau, focusing on what everyday citizens think about them. It explores both the positive aspects and the problems with how these policies are being put into action. While the Macau government has introduced several digital services. For example, the Macau One Account, electronic payments, and smart transport systems. There are many people who feel there’s a gap between technology and how well it actually includes everyone. The research is based on a close look at government plans (like the Macau SAR Five- Year Plan 2016–2020) and interviews with people from different age groups. Using a method of analyzing themes in the data, the study found that younger and middle- aged people generally find these tools useful and convenient. However, older adults often struggle because they aren’t as comfortable with smart city services and don’t get enough support. Also, even though the government says it welcomes public input, most people said they weren’t really involved in decisions, showing that the process is mostly top-down. The study points out some big challenges, like digital inequality, lack of public participation, and a mismatch between what policies aim for and what people actually need in daily life. It suggests making smart city planning more inclusive by offering digital tools in multiple languages, involving citizens in budgeting decisions, and providing digital training for those who need it. Overall, it argues that smart city development should focus more on fairness, access, and building public trust to truly improve urban life in a lasting and meaningful way.

The essence of education, which is 'to foster goodness and rectify the lost,' profoundly reveals that it is about promoting students' strengths and compensating for their shortcomings. The core concept of inclusive education follows this vein, emphasizing acceptance and integration to ensure that every student can learn and grow in the same educational environment, and providing the most appropriate teaching based on the characteristics of the students. However, teachers face many challenges in implementing inclusive education, including a lack of professional knowledge, scarce resources, etc. This study conducted in-depth interviews with frontline teachers in Macau, collecting views on inclusive education from teachers who have never received inclusive education training and those who have received different types of training, elucidating the difficulties they encounter in teaching practice, and their views on the existing training system, in order to further improve teacher training in inclusive education. The results show that most teachers have a positive attitude towards inclusive education and agree with its concept and value, but teachers who have never received and those who have received professional inclusive education training still face many difficulties in actual teaching. Therefore, teachers have expressed the need for inclusive education training to better cope with the challenges in inclusive education. Based on the interview results, two specific suggestions were made for the current inclusive education training: one is to increase targeted short-term training courses and establish a feedback mechanism; the other is to enhance the localization of the curriculum to make the training content more in line with Macau's educational environment and actual needs. This study aims to propose specific plans to optimize inclusive education training by analyzing teachers' actual needs and suggestions, in the hope of enhancing teachers' professional competence and further promoting the development and practice of inclusive education. “教也者，長善而救其失者也”，深刻揭示教育的本質，即發揚學生的優點並彌補其不足。融合教育的核心理念與此一脈相承，強調通過接納與共融，確保每位學生都能在同一教育環境中共同學習與成長，並根據其特質提供最適合的教學。然而，教師在實施融合教育的過程中面臨諸多挑戰，包括專業知識不足、資源匱乏等問題。本研究通過對澳門前線教師進行深度訪談，收集未曾接受融合教育培訓和接受不同融合教育培訓的教師對融合教育的看法、闡述其在教學實踐中遇到的困難，以及對現有培訓體系的看法，以期能夠進一步完善融合教育的師資培訓。 研究結果顯示，大部分教師對融合教育持正面態度，認同其理念與價值，但未曾接受和已接受融合教育培訓的教師，在實際教學中仍面臨諸多困難。因此，教師表達對融合教育培訓的需求，以更好地應對融合教育中的挑戰。 基於訪談的結果，對現行的融合教育培訓提出兩方面的具體建議：一是增加具針對性的短期培訓課程，並建立反饋機制；二是加強課程的本土化，使培訓內容更貼合澳門的教育環境與實際需求。 本研究旨在通過分析教師的實際需求與建議，提出優化融合教育培訓的具體方案，以期能夠提升教師的專業素養，並進一步推動融合教育的發展與實踐。