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The Trinity, i.e., one God in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), is the core doctrine of Christianity. It confesses that God truly exists as one, and the three persons truly exist each in themselves. The seemingly paradoxical doctrine was from the beginning of the Church imprinted on the popular faith witnessed in the New Testament, the liturgy, especially the rite of baptism, and the catechetical practice. (Kelly, 1960/1968, pp. 88-90) Yet it took four centuries of controversies and synods to transform the initial faith into a doctrine. The main achievements were made in the 4th century: first, the Ecumenical Council of Nicaea I in 325 acknowledged the common substance of the Trinitarian persons by accepting the Greek term homoouios (homo means same, and ousios means being, substance, or essence); second, in the decades after Nicaea I, the common substance of the three and the distinctiveness of each person are expressed as “mia ousia, treis hypostaseis” (one substance, three persons). 三一论,即一体三位,是基督教的核心教义。它意味着天主为一、真实存在,同时天主拥有三个真实存在的位格,即圣父、圣子、圣神。这一看似自相矛盾的教义从教会建立之初就蕴含在《新约圣经》、礼仪(尤其是圣洗圣事)和信仰实践中。然而,这一原初的信仰要经过四个世纪的理论争辩和教会会议才被转化为教会教义。其中至关重要的是325年的尼西亚大公会议通过接受希腊词“同一体性(homoouios)”一词来表述圣父和圣子之间的关系,认定了天主圣三的共同体性;以及尼西亚大公会议之后,卡帕多西亚教父用希腊语中两个同为表示存在、体质的近义词ousia和hypostasis分别指代天主的同一体性和三位各自的独特存在,由此提出了“mia ousia, treis hypostaseis”(一体三位)这一三一论的经典表述。本文将根据哲学所提供的术语框架,阐述卡帕多西亚教父在三一论神学中对ousia和hypostasis的区分,然后阐释这种区分的神学意义。

With the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, we find ourselves living in a time of crisis. Our cultural and technological developments are being largely challenged. The pandemic tells us that the ultimate solution for all the problems we face is not in our own hands. God is where we find the final hope and salvation. In this regard, the present crisis may not be totally negative for our lives. To read the situation positively and even spiritually, we turn to the 4th-century Church Father Gregory of Nyssa, who is famous for his apophatic Mysticism. Viewing through the apophatic lens, the crisis has reminded us of the limitations of human intellectual power, which may turn our eyes to the final cause of the world, the ultimate meaning of life, and eventually what is essential for our final salvation. That is where we start our spiritual transformation anew.

內容摘要:古羅馬的普羅提諾作為新柏拉圖主義的開創者,針對亞里斯多德對柏拉圖理念論中無限逆推問題的批判,以第一原則太一作為世界的第一本原建構起自太一逐級向下生成各級存在的宇宙生成模式。在這個宇宙模式中,太一對理智的的生成決定了各級存在的生模式,並成為了普羅提諾理論體系的特點之一。本文對太一生成學說進行梳理,重點澄清作為太一生成的前提的太一的特性、太一生成中的核心概念「動能」和「雙重活動」,從而總結普羅提諾的生成觀的特色。

本文透過教父尼薩的額我略的早期著作《真福八端講道集》，探討其神學體系中天主的恩寵和人的自由之間的關係。作者著眼於天主的恩寵和人的自由在聖化過程中的動態關係，首先闡釋額我略對人的聖化即是回歸本性的縱向旅程的理解；其後具體分析該講道集中額我略對天主的恩寵（外在恩寵、內在恩寵）和人的自由（選擇的自由和自主性的自由）的理解；最後分析兩種恩寵和兩種自由在靈性旅程中本質上是並行發展、相容互惠的關係。

This article reports a case study of older adults learning English in China. It indicates how, founded on consequentialist ethics, risk analysis, and safeguarding, it was decided to use covert research, drawing on the confluence of risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk management, safeguarding, research ethics, and important contextual and cultural features. Ethical principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, safeguarding, and protection were addressed, and account was taken of the strength, likelihood, and consequences of risks, safeguards, and benefits, informed by Chinese cultural contexts, values, behaviors, and features of teaching and learning based on andragogy and geragogy. Implications are drawn for teaching and learning with older adults, advocating significant account to be taken of contextual factors.

<jats:p>Personalized recommendation plays an important role in many online service fields. In the field of tourism recommendation, tourist attractions contain rich context and content information. These implicit features include not only text, but also images and videos. In order to make better use of these features, researchers usually introduce richer feature information or more efficient feature representation methods, but the unrestricted introduction of a large amount of feature information will undoubtedly reduce the performance of the recommendation system. We propose a novel heterogeneous multimodal representation learning method for tourism recommendation. The proposed model is based on two-tower architecture, in which the item tower handles multimodal latent features: Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) is used to extract the text features of items, and an External Attention Transformer (EANet) is used to extract image features of items, and connect these feature vectors with item IDs to enrich the feature representation of items. In order to increase the expressiveness of the model, we introduce a deep fully connected stack layer to fuse multimodal feature vectors and capture the hidden relationship between them. The model is tested on the three different datasets, our model is better than the baseline models in NDCG and precision.</jats:p>

The marine medaka is emerging as a potential behavioral model organism for ocean studies, namely on marine ecotoxicology. However, not much is known on the behavior of the species and behavioral assays lack standardization. This study assesses the marine medaka as a potential model for chemical communication. We investigated how short exposure to visual and chemical cues mediated the stress response to social isolation with the light/dark preference test (LDPT) and the open field test (OFT). After a 5-day isolation period, and 1 h before testing, isolated fish were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) placed in visual contact with conspecifics; (2) exposed to a flow of holding water from a group of conspecifics; (3) exposed to both visual and chemical cues from conspecifics; or (4) not exposed to any stimuli (controls). During the LDPT, the distance traveled and transitions between zones were more pronounced in animals exposed to the conspecific's chemical stimuli. The time spent in each area did not differ between the groups, but a clear preference for the bright area in all animals indicates robust phototaxis. During the OFT, animals exposed only to chemical cues initially traveled more than those exposed to visual or both stimuli, and displayed lower thigmotaxis. Taken together, results show that chemical cues play a significant role in exploratory behavior in this species and confirm the LDPT and OFT as suitable tests for investigating chemical communication in this species.

The investigation of pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in marine biota has been insufficient. In this study, we examined the presence of 51 pharmaceuticals in edible oysters along the coasts of the East and South China Seas. Only nine pharmaceuticals were detected. The mean concentrations of all measured pharmaceuticals in oysters per site ranged from 0.804 to 15.1 ng g–1 of dry weight, with antihistamines being the most common. Brompheniramine and promethazine were identified in biota samples for the first time. Although no significant health risks to humans were identified through consumption of oysters, 100–1000 times higher health risks were observed for wildlife like water birds, seasnails, and starfishes. Specifically, sea snails that primarily feed on oysters were found to be at risk of exposure to ciprofloxacin, brompheniramine, and promethazine. These high risks could be attributed to the monotonous diet habits and relatively limited food sources of these organisms. Furthermore, taking chirality into consideration, chlorpheniramine in the oysters was enriched by the S-enantiomer, with a relative potency 1.1–1.3 times higher when chlorpheniramine was considered as a racemate. Overall, this study highlights the prevalence of antihistamines in seafood and underscores the importance of studying enantioselectivities of pharmaceuticals in health risk assessments.