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This study aims to explore the attitudes of kindergarten teachers in Macao towards early Chinese literacy. Using semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling, eight kindergarten teachers from seven different private schools in Macao were invited as study participants. Based on the interview data, the study further understands teachers' cognition, emotional experiences, and support towards early Chinese literacy, as well as their behavioral tendencies in practicing early Chinese literacy. The research findings indicate: (1) Kindergarten teachers have insufficient cognition of early Chinese literacy, mainly due to a lack of awareness and understanding of early Chinese literacy. (2) From the perspective of emotional experiences and support, all interviewed teachers support the development of early Chinese literacy at the kindergarten stage. (3) Kindergarten teachers exhibited positive, negative, and neutral emotions in the process of organizing early Chinese literacy, with emotions influenced and transformed by students' performance, from negative to positive emotions. (4) Kindergarten teachers face shortages of resources, such as teaching aids and training, in practicing early Chinese literacy. Based on the study results, recommendations were made for kindergarten teachers, the government, and schools. It is hoped that schools can provide sufficient teaching materials for early Chinese literacy and conduct relevant research activities. Kindergarten teachers should enhance their professional knowledge of early Chinese literacy. Additionally, the Macao government should formulate related policies and training courses for early literacy, enabling kindergarten teachers to design appropriate teaching curricula. 本研究旨在探討澳門幼稚園教師對中文早期讀寫的態度，研究採用半結構式訪談，透過立意取樣的方式，邀請到來自本澳七所不同的私立幼稚園的八位前線幼稚園教師作研究对象，依據訪談所獲得的資料，深入瞭解教師們對中文早期讀寫的認知，其情感體驗與支持度，以及在實踐中文早期讀寫的行為傾向。 研究結果顯示：（一）幼稚園教師對中文早期讀寫的認知不足，造成認知不足的原因主要有幼稚園教師缺乏對中文早期讀寫的認知。（二）從情感體驗及支持度來看，全部受訪教師都支持在幼稚園階段發展中文早期讀寫。（三）幼稚園教師在組織中文早期讀寫的過程，會呈現出正面、負面及中立的情緒，而情緒表現亦會受到學生的表現而發展轉變，由消極的情緒轉化為正面情緒。（四）幼稚園教師在實踐中文早期讀寫會受到資源短缺，如：缺乏教學用具，欠缺中文早期讀寫的培訓。 本研究依據研究結果，研究者對幼稚園教師，政府及學校等提出相關建議，期望學校能夠提供充足的中文早期讀寫教學材料，以及開展相關的教研活動，而幼稚園教師應提升對中文早期讀寫的專業知識。同時，澳門政府應該制定相關早期讀寫政策及培訓課程，使幼稚園教師能設計適切的教學課程。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of parents engaging in dialogic reading with their children while reading picture books on children's emotional understanding and parent-child relationships. The study also attempted to investigate the potential of picture books as useful instruments for parent-child communication, fostering meaningful parent-child connection and augmenting children's emotional comprehension. The study lasted for 11 weeks. The initial three weeks were focused on a parent-child reading session specifically designed for mothers, and the next eight weeks consisted of a picture book reading program in the participants' homes. Convenience sampling was employed to choose 11 families for participation in the study. Throughout the 8-week reading program, families actively participated in parent-child picture book reading sessions at home, ensuring a minimum frequency of once per week. The study used a combination of multiple case studies and a case study-mixed methods design. The data collection process involved gathering quantitative data through various means, including administering primary background surveys, utilizing the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), and employing the Children’s Emotional Development Scale. The qualitative data consisted of interviews conducted before the intervention and records documenting parental reading observations. The analysis methodologies used in this study encompassed thematic and content analysis, which involved combining qualitative and quantitative findings to facilitate comparison. The quantitative data analysis of the Child Emotional Development Scale revealed notable disparities in emotional cognition, comprehension, expression, and overall emotional competence scores between the initial and final examinations. Although the CPRS results did not reveal any notable disparities in family intimacy and conflict; it is worth noting that seven families had higher post-test scores in family intimacy, indicating that mothers perceived an improved level of closeness with their children. Qualitative data analysis revealed that through shared reading of picture books on various emotional themes, children learned more emotional vocabulary and engaged in deeper parent-child conversations beyond daily interactions. This increased children's opportunities for emotional expression and helped mothers better understand their children's emotional needs, reflect on their parenting skills, and foster parent-child interaction and communication. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the significant impact of engaging in dialogic parent-child picture book reading on emotional understanding in preschool children. Furthermore, it is believed to be a valuable parent-child interaction strategy for dual-income families in Macau, enhancing parent-child relationships.

Environmental concerns drive corporate and consumer focus on sustainable packaging. Research explores key factors influencing consumer intent, emphasizing the importance of strategic integration for enhanced purchase intentions and environmental goals. A comprehensive literature review identifies factors such as perceived value, willingness to pay, environmental concern, and attitude toward sustainable packaging. Empirical validation using survey data demonstrates the statistical significance of these factors on consumer purchase intentions, with the willingness to pay to emerge as the most influential determinant. Stakeholders are urged to incorporate these findings into strategies for sustainable packaging, fostering positive environmental impact, and informing academic and managerial discussions.

This study investigates career trajectory and work locations of doctoral students trained in Macao and analyses how their career paths are shaped by perceived macro-level factors. Respondents from four applied disciplinary areas were selected for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Research results show that doctoral students who graduated from Macao higher education institutions enjoy good career prospects in Mainland China. Their competitiveness in the research-related job market benefits from having a multi-level support system and a training mode that promotes government–university–industry collaboration. Policies and demand from industrial sectors are involved in students' learning experience through channels such as financial support, project collaboration and networks. Doctoral students in Macao are strategic planners and actors in leveraging their human capital. As Macao becomes an emerging destination for cultivating high-level research labour, findings from this study capture a model of human capital formation in China's cross-system context.

As cities continue to grow at an unprecedented rate, the need for efficient land use becomes even more critical. Mixed Use Architecture is essential for modern cities because of its efficiency in using land that is prevalent in the rapid urbanization we are facing today. Mixed-use development offers numerous advantages for communities and serves as a crucial approach in attaining sustainable ecosystems (Woo and Cho, 2018). Land scarcity in Macau has made mixed-use architecture essential to city expansion. Mixed-use developments in Macau typically consist of combination of housing and commercial towers, casino and hotel complexes and office buildings. This has improved land use in the city. However, these developments, however, unappetizing living conditions resulting sick building syndrome to its residents. The research question identified and addressed in this study is: How can Mixed Use Architecture respond to the underlying problems Urbanisation has brought? Based on this question, this dissertation develops a new type prototype for mixed use architecture that to resolve the issues prevalent in the current mixed use architecture models using Macau as context for this prototype. This study challenges traditional architecture and uses innovative approaches stemming from biophilic strategies and industry leading green technologies that improve quality of life and the environment. This study proposes a novel solution to urbanization's problems such Sick Building Syndrome, high population density, and land scarcity. This dissertation suggests a space-efficient architecture to meet the needs of rising populations and land scarcity while prioritizing resident well-being.

澳門於1994年頒佈《家庭政策綱要法》，旨在支持家庭提升工作、房屋等的生活條件。澳門特區政府於2020年中修改《勞動關係法》，增加對家庭的支援，以回應澳門的發展需要。回顧有關工作與家庭衝突的文獻，大多針對弱勢家庭作探討，忽略雙職家庭也同樣面對困境。本研究之目的是為探討本澳雙職家庭的工作與家庭衝突情況，並在家庭友善政策推行不足的情況下，雙職家庭為求達致工作與家庭能夠平衡的協調策略。 　　為了作出深入的了解，本研究採用質性研究，邀請了20位雙職家庭的父母作為研究對象，與他們通過半結構式訪談收集資料。獲得資料後，以紮根理論進行編碼及分析。 　　 本次研究發現有利於平衡雙職家庭的工作與家庭，與三大要有密切關係，包括1)家庭協調與資源；2)時間管理及3)社會支持。雙職父母運用自身家庭的資源協調模式，訂立出屬於個別家庭獨有的時間管理模式及分工；工作單位的友善氛圍及相應的彈性工作協調措施，也扶助了雙職家庭，達致家庭與工作中取得較為平衡的狀態。研究者根據以上的研究發現，為優化家庭友善政策作出一些建議，使雙職家庭能減少工作與家庭衝突的發生。

The present study explored the effect of organisational culture on turnover intentions of full-time workers in financial sector in Macao, and the mediating effect of organisational commitment. The following research questions were examined in this study: (1) how do organisational cultural values affect workers’ turnover intentions? (2) what is the role of organisational commitment in the relationships between organisational cultural values and turnover intentions? A cross-sectional design was used by applying a self-response bilingual (Chinese and English) questionnaire to a sample of 123 full-time workers in the financial sector in Macao. Results show that the organisational culture factors with a stronger impact on turnover are entrepreneurial, hierarchical and team cultural values. Entrepreneurial values (ßa=-.323, p=.004), followed by team values (ßa=-.260, p=.011), show the strongest effects and a negative relationship with turnover intentions. Meanwhile, hierarchical values (ßa=.208, p=.012) show the weakest effect and a positive relationship with turnover intentions. Regarding the affective commitment in the relationships between organisational cultural values and turnover intentions, the values with the strongest impact were entrepreneurial, followed by hierarchical and team values. Affective commitment fully mediates the effects of entrepreneurial and hierarchical values and partially mediates the effect of team values on turnover intentions. Regarding theoretical implications, our findings seem consistent with the social exchange theory. Regarding practical implications, we discuss some strategies to promote entrepreneurial and team values and prevent hierarchical values as strategies to increase affective commitment and decrease turnover in the financial sector.

Macau is facing problems on how to moderately diversify its economy, improving its air quality, water quality, and waste management, and improving its biodiversity. The research aim is to investigate and propose how Macau can achieve moderate economic diversification, environmental protection, ecological protection and preservation in line with sustainable development goal 8, 9, 12, 13, and 15. Using documentary analysis, extensive literature review, and analyzing of Macau situation, the following findings are suggested: - Research and development using the university institutions on areas ranging from hospitality and tourism management, telecommunication engineering, electrical & electronic engineering, automation and control, computer science and engineering, transportation science and technology, nanoscience & nanotechnology, instrument science and technology, biomedical engineering, as well as relevant infrastructure, policy and financial support, - Talent attraction for specialised industries with stringent requirements due to the limited capacity of Macau, - Financial market development for financing, capital accumulation, and wealth management, - Focus on tourism-related industry, then big data and technology leveraging Hengqin, and then financial industry for supporting, - Better method to reduce air pollution through more energy efficient industrial facilities with less greenhouse gases emission, - Better water quality and pollution management through water pollution management, water resource conservation, the development of environmentally friendly technologies to control water pollution, - Polluter pay law such as Japan's Basic Environment Law, Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law, - Producer’s responsibility law such as home appliance recycling law, containers and packaging recycling law, and - A framework for biodiversity protection including a combination of legislative, technical, and community-based initiatives, as well as a comprehensive wildlife protection law.

The purpose of this study is to understand the problems and experiences of Macao's regular classroom pre-school teachers in teaching and counseling children with special needs, in order to further explore the professional growth and development process of regular classroom pre-school teachers in the orientation of integrated education. This study adopts a qualitative narrative research methodology, using semi-structured in-depth interviews and textual data collected from the research participants' research journals and teaching diaries to analyze the stories related to the three preschool teachers in the educational field, and according to the results of the data analysis were as following: 1. The professional growth and development of the three teachers in pre-school integration, from novice teachers to professional teachers, need to go through a long period of exploration and adaptation, where teachers continue to refine their professional knowledge and teaching skills to cope with the challenges of problems in the education process, but the progression from professional to expert teachers is affected by both internal and external factors, that teachers are unable to make the transition into it. 2. The three teachers' dilemmas are at different stages. It was found that among the four major dilemmas faced by the teachers, there were teaching, classroom management, support system and professional knowledge in IE, and among them, the support system and professional knowledge in IE were the ones that the teachers considered the most desirable to get in order to have good conditions for implementing IE in ordinary classes. 3. This study suggests that teachers need to be able to adapt their mindset to face different challenges at work. Active Enhancement of IE Knowledge to Cope with Various Educational Issues; schools should assist teachers in the implementation of IE and act as a bridge between parents and teachers. Define the development intention of the school so as to establish a clear direction and avoid internal confusion; government needs to consider the extension of the policy to safeguard the learning rights of Pupils with Special Educational Needs (Pupils with Special Educational Needs). Promote the concept of IE in the community so that it can be widely recognized by the public, thereby gaining more support. There must be a comprehensive training and continuous growth and development for IE Teachers, in order to establish a clear and standardized curriculum. Organize cross-school professional exchanges for qualified IE teachers to enhance their professional knowledge. 本研究旨在透過瞭解澳門普通班學前教師對特殊需要幼兒教學與輔導的問題與經驗，以進一步探討普通班學前教師融合教育導向的專業發展歷程。 　　本研究採用質性敘事研究方法，使用半結構式深度訪談，並透過研究參與者的研究日記、教學日誌等蒐集文本資料，分析三位學前教師在教育現場內的相關故事，根據資料分析結果發現如下： 一、三位教師的學前融合專業成長發展，從新手型教師到專業型教師需要經歷一段漫長的時間探索和適應，在此教師持續精進自己的專業知識和教學技能，以應對教育過程中的問題挑戰，但從專業型教師到專家型教師這個進階過程受到內在和外在的因素影響，因此，教師雖然初現這階段的特質，但未具備相應的專業力能。 二、通過三位教師不同階段的困境問題發現，所面對的四大困境中，包括有教　 　　學方面、班級管理方面、支援系統方面和融合教育專業知能方面，而當中 　　支援系統和融合教育專業知能方面是教師認為最希望獲得的支持，才能讓 　　教師擁有良好的條件在普通班中實施融合教育。 三、本研究建議，教師需要懂得調適心態，以面對工作上的不同挑戰。積極增 　　進融合教育知能，以應對各類的教育問題；學校方面應協助教師開展融合 　　教育的工作，做好家長與教師的橋樑。明確學校的發展意向，從而建立清 　　晰的目標走向，避免造成內部混亂；政府方面需要考量政策的延伸性，以 　　保障普特幼兒的學習權益。將融合教育的理念推進社區，讓大眾廣泛認 　　識，從而獲得更多的支持力。建立明確標準化的融合教育教師培育模式， 　　使融合教育教師的培育過程有着全面性和連續性的成長發展。組織合資格 　　的融合教育教師跨校專業交流，以提升教師專業知能。

Though Cartesian dualism has been criticized for decades, it still prevails as a strongly dominant cultural mindset rooted in people’s minds, especially in the social environments that we experience. Along with it, there is not only a loss of attention to our own bodies but also a loss of the recognition of the experience of inter-subjective reciprocity. Therefore, I hope, through the methodology and virtue of phenomenology, especially from the phenomenological-ontological account of the body/flesh from the modern French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, to help my readers to overcome convincingly and detach themselves from the traditional Cartesian mindset. I argue that the body is born as a communicative-reciprocal being that sustains a priori connection with all other things in the world, and with the world. The body is a lived body and a transcendental being that cannot be reduced to fit in the present reductionistic mathematical-scientific idealized frameworks. After pointing out the insufficiencies in traditional mathematical scientific and Cartesian accounts of the body in Chapter One, my argument will be unfolded along with reflections on the common experiences in daily life and the textual analyses respectively contributed by Merleau-Ponty’s works The Phenomenology of Perception, especially in Chapter Two, and The Visible and the Invisible, especially in Chapter Three.

As Macau's society rapidly develops, the education system of Macau also continues to develop, including early childhood education. The competency of early childhood teachers in Macau plays an important role in the future development of education. Teacher competency includes four main dimensions: educational ability, work attitude, psychological factors, and motivation. This paper focuses on exploring these dimensions and the differences in teacher competency among Macau's early childhood educators, considering their personal background variables. Moreover, this research investigates the factors such as the working attitude of teachers, their professional development needs, and motivation that affect their teaching in early childhood education. Historically, understandings of teacher competency in Macau's early childhood education were primarily analyzed through t-tests and one-way Anova of survey data, which tend to have lower reliability and validity. This paper employs confirmatory factor analysis among other methods to conduct empirical research on the current state of teacher competency, aiming to advance the development of teacher competency in Macau with more reliable data. This paper uses literature review methodology to gather relevant research and analyzes the information gathered, by using a self-assessment questionnaire on early childhood teacher competency to conduct a survey among 187 early childhood teachers in Macau. This can help to understand their competency levels and how these correlates with their personal background variables. The integrated data from the teacher self-assessment questionnaires indicate that the overall level of teacher competency in Macau is acceptable. In terms of the 4 early childhood teacher competency factors, the psychological factors got the highest score, while their educational abilities got a lower score. The differential analysis conducted on the evaluated teachers shows there are significant differences in early childhood teacher competency among different age groups and years of teaching experience. This research aims to provide more data and information to Macau's education related departments and kindergarten management, to formulate targeted teacher training and career development plans of teachers, which can help to improve the overall teaching quality and job satisfaction of teachers in Macau's early childhood education. The research suggests that future research should expand the research subjects to early childhood teachers from different cultural backgrounds, increase the use of interviews and case analysis (adopting mixed research methods), and analyze the differences in personal background variables and the competency of Macau's early childhood teachers. 澳門社會飛速進步的同時，其教育體系也在不斷發展，而幼兒教育在塑 造孩子未來發展的基礎上扮演著至關重要的角色。故澳門幼兒教師勝任力對於 幼兒教育的未來發展具有不可忽視的重要性。教師勝任力(Teacher Competency) 包含教育能力、工作態度、心理因素和動機等四大維度。本文著重探討這四個 維度和教師的個人背景變項與澳門幼兒教師勝任力的差異性。同時，也會關注 教師的工作態度、專業發展需求及動機等因素對幼兒教師教學的影響。過去， 人們對澳門幼兒教師勝任力的了解較多使用 t 檢驗及單因數變異數進行問卷數 據分析，其有效性及可靠性相對較低。針對上述問題，本文採用驗證性因素分 析等方法對幼兒教師的勝任力現狀進行了實證研究，期望以更可靠的數據推動 澳門幼兒教師勝任力的發展。本文使用文獻分析法整合相關文獻及就研究資訊 進行分析，並使用幼兒教師勝任力自評定問卷對澳門 187 名幼兒教師進行問卷 調查，以了解澳門幼兒教師的勝任力及個人背景變項與澳門幼兒教師勝任力的 差異性。整合教師自評問卷數據後結果如下: 澳門幼兒教師勝任力總體水準尚可， 就勝任力特質表現而言，幼兒教師的心理因素最好，幼兒教師的教育能力較差。 而對被評價幼兒教師進行差異分析的結果顯示：不同年齡段和教齡與幼兒教師 勝任力有顯著差異。 本研究有望為澳門教育相關部門和幼稚園管理層提供更多數據和資訊， 以制定針對性的教師培訓和職業發展計劃，提高澳門幼兒教育整體教學品質和 教師職業滿意度。建議未來研究擴展研究對象至不同文化背景的幼兒教師、增加訪談和個案分析的部分(採用混合研究方法)和分析個人背景變項與澳門幼兒 教師勝任力的差異性。

The extent of citizens' trust in government determines the success or failure of e-government initiatives. Nevertheless, the idiosyncrasies of the concept and the broad spectrum of its approach still present relevant challenges. This work presents a systematic literature review on e-government trust while elaborating and summarizing a conceptual analysis of trust, introducing evaluation methods for government trust, and compiling relevant research on e-government trust and intentional behavior. A total of 26 key factors that constitute trust have been identified and classified into six categories: Government trust, Trust in Internet and technology (TiIT), Trust in e-government (TiEG), Personal Beliefs, Trustworthiness, and Trust of intermediary (ToI). The value added of this work consists of developing a conceptual framework of TiEG to provide a significant reference for future in-depth studies and research on e-government trust.

"This study investigates the perspectives, challenges, and strategies of STEM teachers in Macau as they integrate STEM education into their curricula. STEM teachers in Macau generally consider the integration of STEM education essential for enhancing students' creativity and problem-solving abilities. However, during the implementation process, they face challenges such as insufficient resources, limited opportunities for professional development, and difficulties in interdisciplinary collaboration, which restrict the effectiveness of STEM teaching. This study employed a qualitative research approach, conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with STEM teachers in primary and secondary schools in Macau to understand their experiences and needs. Purposeful sampling was used to ensure diversity and representativeness of the sample. The findings indicate that schools lack sufficient STEM teaching resources (such as equipment and materials), and limited professional development opportunities prevent teachers from effectively mastering new technologies and teaching methods. Furthermore, interdisciplinary teaching is constrained by challenges in collaboration and curriculum design. Low student engagement and insufficient parental support also affect the effectiveness of STEM education. The results suggest that schools should enhance resource allocation, promote professional development for STEM teachers in Macau, and encourage interdisciplinary teaching collaboration to improve the quality of STEM education, thus strengthening students' creativity and problem-solving skills. These findings offer valuable insights for STEM educators and policymakers to foster the comprehensive development of STEM education.

Today, social media has become one of the main marketing strategies used by marketers and practitioners to target travelers from all over the world. Macau is a city that relies heavily on tourism for economic development, however, little is known about how social media affects tourists’ choices to travel to Macau. This study explores the role of the popular social media platform Xiaohongshu in influencing Chinese tourists’ travel decisions and information acquisition when visiting Macau. This article uses qualitative research methods to conduct semi-structured interviews with 15 participants. Research shows travelers rely on Xiaohongshu’s user-generated content and detailed guides. Food, route selection and itinerary arrangements, and short-term itinerary arrangements are the most frequently mentioned search tags by travelers. The platform’s personalized recommendations and efficient content presentation enhance the user experience, but concerns about content credibility remain, especially the potential for commercial bias in food recommendations. Travelers assess the credibility of content through a variety of strategies, including looking at multiple posts, evaluating user interactions, and the platform’s IP address display capabilities. Although travelers pay more attention to positive reviews when deciding to travel to Macau, users also consider travel pitfalls posts to improve their travel experience. In addition, travelers are less willing to share content on the Xiaohongshu platform after the trip, which is attributed to personal habits and perceived creativity complexity. The research results provide relevant practitioners with the perspectives and decision-making behaviors of Chinese travelers who use Xiaohongshu when making itineraries to Macau, and provide guidance for their marketing strategies.

This study employs a qualitative research method to explore kindergarten teachers' perceptions of gender stereotypes, their views on gender equality education, and how these concepts are implemented in their teaching practices. Additionally, it analyses the challenges faced in promoting gender equality education in Macao and offers relevant recommendations. The study participants comprised eight in-service kindergarten teachers (four males and four females) working at four kindergartens in Macao. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews, the study delves into the teachers' experiences and perspectives on implementing gender equality education in kindergartens. The study concludes with the following findings: 1. Teachers have a basic understanding of gender equality; however, influenced by societal traditions and family cultures, gender stereotypes still persist in their teaching. While teachers can recognise and reflect on the presence of these stereotypes and understand the core concepts of gender equality education, they still lack a comprehensive grasp of its substantive content. 2. When practising gender equality education, teachers exhibit varying degrees of gender stereotyping and bias. Male teachers, in particular, display more evident gender bias compared to female teachers, especially in their disciplinary approaches towards male and female students, with male teachers being more stringent with boys. However, no significant gender differences were observed in classroom performance, behavioural discipline, academic achievements, or task distribution. This suggests that teachers treat students of both genders relatively equally, with no clear link to their personal backgrounds. 3. Regarding gender equality and social status, male teachers generally express higher satisfaction levels than female teachers. Male teachers believe that gender equality has been achieved, whereas female teachers feel that women remain at a disadvantage in terms of work conditions and family responsibilities. 4. Teachers identify several challenges in promoting gender equality in education in Macao. This includes deep-rooted societal cultures, insufficient awareness and understanding of gender equality education among the government, the public, teachers, and parents; gender stereotypes in textbooks and school environments; the lack of gender-related content in textbooks; and the gender imbalance among kindergarten teachers, with a marked shortage of male teachers. 5. Teachers suggest that the government should collaborate with experts to provide more relevant teacher training or community seminars for teachers and the public. These initiatives should aim to challenge gender stereotypes, re-evaluate the content of textbooks and the setup of school environments, and promote the feasibility and necessity of male kindergarten teachers. Based on the study's findings, the researcher offers several recommendations for advancing gender equality education in Macao, providing concrete ideas and reasonable references. It is hoped that these suggestions will serve as valuable references for future related research. 本研究採用質性研究法，旨在探討幼稚園教師對性別刻板印象的看法、性別平等教育的理念以及在教學中實踐的情況，並分析在澳門推行性別平等教育所面對的挑戰及相關建議。研究對象來自澳門四所幼稚園的八位在職幼稚園教師（4男4女），研究透過半結構式深度訪談，深入探討教師在幼稚園推行性別平等教育中的經驗和觀點。本研究得出以下結論： （一） 教師對性別平等已有基本概念，但因受到社會傳統文化及個人家庭文化的影響，在教學中仍存在性別刻板印象。教師能察覺和反思這些刻板印象的存在，並瞭解性別平等教育的基本核心概念，然而對其實質內容的理解仍有不足之處。 （二） 在實踐性別平等教育時，教師表現出不同程度的性別定型及性別偏見。其中，男教師相較於女教師表現出更為明顯的性別偏見，尤其體現在針對兩性的學生的管教方式上，男教師對男生的態度較為嚴厲。然而，教師在課堂表現、行為紀律、學業成績、職務分配等方面則未顯示出顯著的性別差異，能相對平等地要求及對待兩性的學生，這與教師的個人背景因素並沒有明顯關聯。 （三） 在兩性平等與社會地位問題上，男性教師的滿意度普遍高於女性教師。男性教師認為兩性地位已達至平等，而女教師則認為在工作待遇和家庭層面上，女性仍處於較為不利的地位。 （四） 教師認為在澳門推行性別平等教育面臨的挑戰包括：根深蒂固的社會文化，政府、大眾、教師及家長對性別平等教育的關注和認知不足；教科書及學校環境設置存在的性別刻板印象，以及教科書中缺乏性別議題內容；幼稚園教師的性別比例失衡，男教師明顯偏少。 （五） 教師建議政府需要與專家合作，提供更多相關的師資培訓或社區講座，供教師及市民參與，並以突破性別刻板印象為目標，重新審視教科書及學校環境的設置，同時加強宣傳男性幼稚園教師的可行性及必要性。 基於上述研究結果，研究者對澳門性別平等教育的推行提出了若干建議，並提供了具體的思路和合理的參考依據。期望這些建議能為未來相關研究提供參考。

Macau, as a densely populated city, has been facing a prominent challenge in fulfilling the rapidly growing demand for land due to its small geographical size. The limited availability of land exacerbates the conflict between urban development needs and land supply, leading to an imbalance in land resource allocation. This scarcity of land not only hinders the city's ability to meet its growing population's housing needs but also contributes to a lack of social space. The absence of adequate outdoor gathering areas and communal spaces has resulted in the fragmentation of communities and a fading sense of community in the society of Macau. As the urban environment undergoes relentless development, the social fabric of Macau is undergoing a transformation. Communities are becoming fragmented into smaller groups, and chance encounters and serendipitous social interactions are being neglected or excluded. Social events primarily take place within dedicated indoor spaces that cater to groups, further isolating different segments of the population due to the limited and subpar outdoor gathering space available. This dissertation aims to examine the possibility of developing a new housing prototype that could provoke connections between segregated communities. By introducing a combination of communal spaces and vertical circulation spaces, the design seeks to create opportunities for social interaction and the revitalisation of community bonds that could eventually fit into a hyperdense city. To achieve this, the dissertation will begin with a comprehensive site analysis of the site, considering both the physical constraints and the potential benefits for social space creation. Furthermore, the study will draw insights from relevant literature and architectural projects that have addressed relevant challenges, exploring effective strategies for fostering community engagement and creating inclusive social spaces. The design process will emphasise the integration of communal spaces that encourage spontaneous interactions and vertical circulation spaces that facilitate movement and connectivity between different community segments.

An increasing number of countries have launched their central bank digital currencies (CBDC) in recent years, but the economic impacts of CBDC adoption are underexplored. To empirically assess how CBDC adoption influences regional economic integration, this paper investigates the Greater Bay Area, where China carried out one of its first digital renminbi pilot programs. The Greater Bay Area provides a good example because the growing acceptance of digital renminbi in the area can potentially mitigate transaction costs and risks due to the exchange rate volatility of the Chinese renminbi, Hong Kong dollar, and Macao pataca. CBDC adoption can lead to greater real and financial integrations by facilitating cross-border trade in goods and services. This paper evaluates deviations from uncovered interest rate parity, purchasing power parity, and real interest rate parity across Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao based on monthly interest rate and price data from January 2016 to December 2022. The time series have mean values near zero, which validate the parity conditions and indicate high degrees of financial, real, and economic integrations. The Markov regime-switching regression model identifies three regimes: (1) pre-Covid, (2) post-Covid, and (3) post-CBDC. The Covid-19 outbreak brought lower integration and stability, but the launch of the CBDC restored some of the pre-Covid integration and stability. Regimes 1 and 2 are persistent, and transitions from Regime 3 back to Regime 1 are probable. Hence, this study finds evidence that CBDC adoption improves regional economic integration in the short and long run.